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Biology Unit 1

Biochemistry

TermDefinition
atom The smallest unit of matter that cannot be broken down by chemical means. Example: an atom of carbon cannot be broken down any further.
element A pure substance made of only one kind of atom. An example of an element is carbon.
compound A substance made of the joined atoms of two or more different elements. An example of a compound is water.
covalent bond Type of bond that forms when two or more atoms share electrons to form a molecule. This occurs between two nonmetals on the periodic table. An example of a single molecule held together by covalent bonds is water.
ionic bond Type of bond that forms when there is a transfer of electrons from one atom to another. This occurs between a metal and nonmetal. An example of a molecule held together by ionic bonds is salt, NaCl.
hydrogen bond Type of bond that involves a hydrogen atom. The hydrogen is attracted to a more negative atom on another molecule. Hydrogen bonds occur between molecules of water and in macromolecules.
polar molecule A molecule with an unequal distribution of electrical charge, such as water molecules, The oxygen is more negative, making the hydrogens more positive.
adhesion A property of water that can be explained as an attraction between different substances.
cohesion A property of water that can be explained as an attraction between substances of the same kind.
density
energy storage A property of water. Water absorbs heat more slowly and retains this energy longer than many other substances do.
organic macromolecules Compounds that contain carbon atoms that are covalently bonded to other elements—typically hydrogen, oxygen, and other carbon atoms. Macromolecules are found in all living things.
lipids Nonpolar molecules that are not soluble or mostly insoluble in water. They include fats, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes. Lipids store more energy than carbs.
carbohydrates Organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in the proportion of 1:2:1. Carbohydrates are a key source of energy, and they are found in most foods- especially fruits, vegetables, and grains.
nucleic acids Organic molecule that contains genetic information. Examples: DNA and RNA
proteins A large organic molecule that helps carry out chemical reactions, or helps provide structural support to body parts such as skin, ligaments, tendons, and bones. Examples: enzymes, antibodies
monomer The building blocks of macromolecules.
monomer of carbohydrates monosaccharides (single sugars like glucose)
monomers of lipids glycerol and fatty acids
monomer of proteins amino acids
monomer of nucleic acids nucleotides
capillary action A process caused by adhesion when water molecules move upward through a narrow tube, such as the stem of a plant.
enzyme Proteins that increase the speed of chemical reactions.
catalyst Substances that reduce the activation energy of a chemical reaction.
active site A specific region of an enzyme that the substrate binds to.
substrate A substance on which an enzyme acts during a chemical reaction.
activation energy The energy needed to start a chemical reaction.
products The result of a substrate broken down by an enzyme.
nucleotides Monomers of proteins that has three parts: a sugar, a base, and a phosphate group, which contains phosphorus and oxygen atoms.
primary structure The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
secondary structure The sequence of amino acids are linked by hydrogen bonds to fold the polypeptide chain into a helix or pleated sheet.
tertiary structure Occurs when certain attractions/repulsions are present between amino acids.
quaternary structure Some proteins are functional at this stage and made of more than one polypeptide chain, but not all.
Created by: Mrstoy
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