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Functions of body membranes
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body membranes are classified according to...
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anatomy chapter 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Functions of body membranes | covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, forms protective sheets around organs |
| body membranes are classified according to... | tissue types |
| two major categories of body membranes | connective tissue membranes and epithelial membranes |
| epithelial tissue membranes include: | cutaneous membranes, mucous membranes, and serous membranes |
| connective membranes include: | synovial membranes |
| what is skin called | cutaneous membrane |
| what are the two layers that make up the cutaneous membrane and what are they made up of? | Epidermis is composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium AND Dermis is mostly dense (fibrous) connective tissue |
| what does the Mucous membranes do? | Some mucosae secrete protective, lubricating mucus. Adapted for absorption or secretion |
| what two layers are in the mucous membrane? | Epithelium type depends on site Loose connective tissue (lamina propria) |
| two layers in the Serous membranes | Simple squamous epithelium Areolar connective tissue |
| Line compartments in the ventral body cavity that are closed (and open)to the exterior of the body 2 different answers | closed-serous membrane open-mucous membrane |
| what are the purposes of the peritoneum, plura and pericardium | to cover the organs in the abdominal region, to cover the lungs, to cover the heart |
| what is the purpose of the synovial membrane | Secrete a lubricating fluid to cushion organs moving against each other during muscle activity |
| what does the Integumentary system consist of | Skin (cutaneous membrane) and Skin appendages sweat glands, oil glands, hair, nails |
| what kind of damages does the integumentary system protect against | Mechanical damage (bumps and cuts), Chemical damage (acids and bases),Thermal damage (heat or cold),Ultraviolet (UV), radiation (sunlight), Microbes (bacteria), Water loss it also cushions the deeper organs |
| what system Synthesizes vitamin D? | integumentary system |
| what 2 types of tissue compose the skin | dermis and epidermis |
| what does the hypodermis do | Anchors the skin to underlying organs Not technically part of the integumentary system Composed mostly of adipose tissue Serves as a shock absorber and insulates deeper tissues |
| what is adipose | fat |
| what does epi mean? example of it used: epidermis | above |
| what kind of cells is the epidermis composed of? | stratified squamous |
| is the epidermis vascular or avascular? | avascular |
| 5 layers (strata) of the epidermis from deepest to most superficial | Stratum basale basale=basement its deepest Stratum spinosum Stratum granulosum Stratum lucidum (thick, hairless skin only) Stratum corneum BSGLC-brock spits game like cake |
| talk about the stratum basale (what does it lay next to, what does it anchor, whats pushed up and why | Deepest layer of epidermis Lies next to dermis Wavy borderline with the dermis anchors the two together Cells undergoing mitosis Daughter cells are pushed upward to become the more superficial layers |
| talk about the Stratum lucidum (what does it form from, and where is it? | Formed from dead cells of the deeper strata Occurs only in thick, hairless skin of the palms of hands and soles of feet |
| talk about the Stratum corneum (where is it, and what does it do) | Outermost layer of epidermis Shingle-like dead cells are filled with keratin (protective protein prevents water loss from skin) |
| what is melanin produced by | melanocyte's |
| what is the color spectrum of melanin | yellow to brown to black |
| what do epidermal dendritic cells do? | Alert and activate immune cells to a threat (bacterial or viral invasion) |
| what do Merkel cells do? | Associated with sensory nerve endings Serve as touch receptors called Merkel discs |
| two regions of the dermis | papillary reticular |
| Papillary layer (upper dermal region) contain projections called | dermal papillae |
| some dermal features | Cutaneous sensory receptors Phagocytes Collagen and elastic fibers Blood vessels Nerve supply |
| what is melanin | Yellow, reddish brown, or black pigments |
| what is keratin | Orange-yellow pigment (also found in some vegetables) |
| what is hemoglobin | Red coloring from blood cells in dermal capillaries Oxygen content determines the extent of red coloring |
| describe erythema, pallor, jaundice, hematomas | redness due to embarrassment, inflammation, hypertension, fever, or allergy| due to emotional stress (such as fear), anemia, low blood pressure, impaired blood flow to an area| indicates a liver disorder| Bruises (black and blue marks |
| what do Sebaceous (oil) glands do | Located all over the skin except for palms and soles Produce ____sebum_____ (oil) Makes skin soft and moist Prevents hair from becoming brittle Kills bacteria |
| what do (sudoriferous glands do? and what are the types | Produce sweat Widely distributed in skin 2 types: eccrine glands apocrine glands |
| what do Eccrine glands do | Produce acidic sweat Water, salts, vitamin C, traces of metabolic waste Function in body temperature regulation |
| what region provides blood supply to the hair bulb | dermal region |
| what does the arrector pili muscle do | muscle connects to the hair follicle to pull hairs upright when we are cold or frightened |
| what is athletes foot caused by and what does it do | Caused by fungal infection teniapetius Itchy, red peeling skin between the toes |
| what is boils caused by and what does it do | Caused by inflammation of hair follicles Carbuncles are clusters of boils caused by bacteria |
| what are cold sores caused by and what does it do | Caused by human herpes virus 1 Blisters itch and sting |
| what is contact dermatitis | Caused by exposure to chemicals that provoke allergic responses Itching, redness, and swelling of the skin |
| what is impetigo | Caused by bacterial infection Pink, fluid-filled raised lesions around mouth/nose |
| what is siriasis | Triggered by trauma, infection, hormonal changes, or stress Red, epidermal lesions covered with dry, silvery scales that itch, burn, crack, or sometimes bleed |
| rules of 9’s | Body is divided into 11 areas for quick estimation Each area represents about 9 percent of total body surface area The area surrounding the genitals (the perineum) represents 1 percent of body surface area |
| 1st degree burns | superficial-Only epidermis is damaged Skin is red and swollen |
| 2nd degree burns | superficial partial-thickness burn Epidermis and superficial part of dermis are damaged Skin is red, painful, and blistered Regrowth of the epithelium can occur |
| 3rd degree burns | full thickness burn Destroys epidermis and dermis; burned area is painless Requires skin grafts, as regeneration is not possible Burned area is blanched (gray-white) or black |
| 4th degree burns | Extends into deeper tissues (bone, muscle, tendons) Appears dry and leathery Requires surgery and grafting May require amputation |
| what is the criteria to determine if a burn is critical | Over 30 %of body has second-degree burns Over 10 % of the body has third- or fourth-degree burns Third- or fourth-degree burns of the face, hands, feet, or genitals Burns affect the airways Circumferential (around the body or limb) burns have occurred |
| what does benign mean | the neoplasm (tumor) has not spread |
| what does malignant mean | means the neoplasm has invaded other body areas |
| most common types of cancer | basale carcinoma squamous carcinoma malignant melanoma |
| Basal cell carcinoma | Least malignant and most common type of skin cancer Arises from cells in stratum basale that are altered so that they can no longer make keratin Lesions appear as shiny, dome-shaped nodules that develop a central ulcer |
| Squamous cell carcinoma | Believed to be induced by U V exposure Arises from cells of stratum spinosum Lesions appear as scaly, reddened papules that gradually form shallow ulcers Early removal allows a good chance of cure Metastasizes to lymph nodes if not removed |
| Malignant melanoma | Most deadly of skin cancers, but accounts for only 5 percent of skin cancers Cancer of melanocytes Metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood vessels Detection uses A B C D E rule for recognizing melanoma |
Created by:
paigefigs