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reproduction
types of reproduction, cell cycle of gametes, mitosis&meiosis,
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| asexual reproduction | single individual giving life to own offsprings, no genetic variation |
| sexual reproduction | male + female = offsprings |
| how are offsprings made (cellular) | fusion of gametes, an egg and sperm (through meiosis) |
| asexual reproduction AKA: | clonal reproduction |
| Advantages of asexual reproduction (3) | preserves genetic uniformity, no energy needed, energy and time not wasted finding a mate |
| why is asexual sometimes good? | advantageous in environments that are stable and uniform |
| mitosis mechanisms (3): | fission, budding, fragmentation |
| fission: | parent cell separates into 2+ offsprings almost equal in size |
| budding: | new individual produced that attaches to parent cell, can detach or make own colony attached |
| fragmentation: | pieces from parent cell breaks apart and regenerate into a new individual |
| fission ex: | planarians, bacteria |
| budding ex: | hydra (plant), yeast, jellyfish |
| fragmentation ex: | flatworms, annelids, echinoderms |
| parthenogenesis: | production of offsprings through egg w/o fertilization |
| What is special about parthenogenesis, even though they're still considered asexual reprod.? | egg produced through meiosis, offsprings are NOT genetically identical |
| parthenogenesis ex: | bees |
| sexual reproduction advantages: | genetic diversity, |
| sexual reproduction disadvantages (2): | using energy to find mate and time to produce offsprings; searching for mates increases predatory chances, wastes time to find shelter and caring for offsprings |
| what gives rise to genetic diversity in sexual reproduction? (2) | genetic recombination, independent assortment of chromosomes |
| cellular mechanisms of sexual reproduction (3) | mating, gametogenesis, fertilization |
| mating: | pairing of male & female for produce of sexual reproduction |
| gametogenesis: | formation of male and female gametes (separately, their cell cycle) |
| fertilization: | union of gametes |
| Fusion of a haploid sperm and egg cell during fertilization produces what? | diploid zygote |
| a zygote is the: | first cell of a new individual |
| gametogenesis definition: | process which cells undergo meiosis to form gametes |
| where do gametes form from? | germ cells |
| what are germ cells: | a group of cells from early embryonic development that is distinct from body cells |
| where are germ cells located? | gonads |
| when a germ cell undergoes _____ division, it produces what? | mitotic division, spermatogonia (m) and oogonia (f) |
| after entering this division, spermatogonia cells enter ____ division to produce what? | meiosis, gametes |
| what are the meiosis cellular processes called when going from spermatogonia to gametes? | spermatogenesis (m) and oogenesis (f) |
| spermatogenesis produces (#) mature haploid spermatozoa | 4 |
| spermatozoa AKA: | sperm |
| maturation of ____ to ____ in spermatogenesis is the which step of maturation? | spermatid to sperm, last step |
| is the cytoplasm lost during spermatogenesis? | most of the cytoplasm is lost |
| what are the exceptions of cytoplasm being lost in spermatogenesis? | mitochondria |
| why is this the only organelle left after spermatogenesis? | drives the flagellum, for motility |
| what specialized secretory vesicles are located at the cap/head of the sperm cells? | acrosomes |
| what is acrosome? | an enzyme (+other proteins) located in the head of the sperm |
| what does acrosomes do? | help the sperm penetrate the egg, basically eats away the outer layer and helps release contents of sperm into egg cell |
| what is the cellular mechanism process called to produce an ovum? | oogenesis |
| what does oogenesis produce? | haploid ovum |
| what is an ovum? | egg cell, larger than sperm |
| does the ovum keep some of the cytoplasm from the parent? | it keeps MOST of the cytoplasm of the parent cell |
| after mitosis division in oogenesis, ____ is produced with a (#) ploidy | oogonia, diploid |
| after oogonia is produced, the next set of cells are called? | primary oocyte |
| after primary oocytes, is it miotic or meiosis division? | meiosis division |
| at the primary oocyte, the 1st ____ body is made | polar |
| after the primary oocyte is produced, ___ oocyte is produced with ____ polar body | secondary, 2nd |
| after the secondary oocyte produced, the last thing produced is? | the ovum/egg cell |
| are polar bodies functional? | non-functional, there to take extra genetic info. |
| secondary oocyte ploidy? | haploid |
| 1st polar body ploidy? | haploid |
| primary oocyte ploidy? | diploid |
| 2nd polar body ploidy? | haploid |
| ovum ploidy? | haploid |
| the oocytes in the ovary remains in ___ phase of the meiotic division stage | 1st meiotic prophase |
| when ovulation happens, the oocytes in ovary go to ____ phase | 2nd meiotic metaphase |
| T or F: oocytes stop at metaphase of 1st meiotic division until fertilization | FALSE, oocytes remain in 2nd meiotic metaphase |
| features of the egg (3): | stores nutrients, egg coats, cellular mechanism that prevents more than 1 sperm to enter egg |
| fertilization modes (2): | external and internal |
| external fertilization happens commonly in what environment? | aquatic |
| how does external fertilization work? | m and f synchronize in release sperm/egg into the surround water |
| why can external fertilization work? (2) | sperms of certain species only have receptors on their own species eggs' pheromones |
| internal fertilization commonly in what species? | reptiles, birds, mammals, some arthropods, some fishes |
| how does internal fertilization work? | sperm released near/inside females |
| physical act of mating is called: | copulation |
| copulation formal definition: | male sex organs introduced and placed into female sex organs to accomplish INTERNAL fertilization |
| egg coating called: | vitelline coat or zona pellucida |
| receptors on vitelline coat/zona pellucida help bind ___ onto membrane | sperm |
| when the sperm attaches to the vitelline coat, what enzymatic process happens? | acrosomal reaction |
| when fusion of the egg and sperm happens, triggers the egg to finish ____ division | meiotic division |
| blocking polyspermy (2): | fast and slow |
| fast block to polyspermy: | few seconds, depolarization by opening ion channels |
| what does the depolarization in fast block do to other sperms around egg? | changes egg's membrane potential (-) -> (+) |
| slow block to polyspermy: | occurs within minutes, triggers release of calcium into the cytosol |
| how does calcium work in slow block? | activates control proteins that trigger cortical reaction |
| what the cortical reaction do to the egg? | cortical granule contents are released through exocytosis and enzymes from inside change egg coat to prevent more sperm from entering |
| fusion of nuclei | microtubules move sperm and egg together to fuse (in egg cytoplasm), and enter mitosis and embryonic development |
| kinds of reproductive systems (3) | oviparous, ovoviviparous, viviparous |
| oviparous: | egg layers, inside mother's body |
| ovoviviparous | retain fertilized egg inside body, embryo develops into an egg (inside), eggs are hatched inside mom and then let out |
| ovoviviparous fun fact: | they have no uterus, just the egg |
| viviparous: | retain embryo inside mother's uterus |
| types of mammals (2): | placental and marsupials |
| placental mammals: | placenta that connects embryo to uterus, provides nutrients to the embryo, exchange of nutrient and wastes from embryo with mom |
| marsupial mammals: | nutrients to embryo in early development via attached membranous sac containing yolk |
| when do the embryos transfer to sac in marsupial mammals? | born at early development then moves into the pouch where it attaches to nipple and continues development |
| hermaphroditism: | has both egg and sperm producing organs |
| simultaneous hermaphrodites: | have functional ovaries & testes at the same time |
| sequential hermaphrodites: | changes from one sex to the other |
| internal female sex organs (3): | endometrium, cervix, vagina |
| external female sex organs (6): | vulva, labia minora & majora, clitoris, greater vestibular glands, hymen |
| greater vestibular gland function: | secretes lubricating fluids |
| what tissue is the endometrium? | epithelial |
| do eggs mature in one cycle? | no, they take many cycles of them menstrual cycle |
| what kind of control is the menstrual cycle controlled by? | neuroendocrine control |
| what organs what involved in the communication during the ovarian cycle? | hypothalamus, pituitary, ovaries, uterus |
| what hormone triggers gametogenesis? | FSH |
| what phase/stage is the oocytes in when the "starting" point of the monthly cycle happens? | primary oocytes are in prophase of meiosis 1 |
| ovarian cycle is triggered by ____ of what hormone? | increase, GnRH |
| what organ releases GnRH? | hypothalamus |
| GnRH stimulates what 2 hormones? | FSH and LH |
| what organ releases FSH and LH? | pituitary gland |
| what stimulates the pituitary gland to release these hormones? | the hypothalamus, the GnRH by hypothalamus |
| What does FSH stimulate? | 6-20 primary oocytes to move out of prophase of meiosis 1 and through meiotic division |
| where are these 6-20 primary oocytes located when FSH stimulates them? | in the ovaries |
| primary oocytes --> secondary oocytes that are in what phase? | metaphase of meiosis 2 |
| when secondary oocytes form, what surrounds them? | cells that form follicles |
| cells that form the follicle is called what stage of the ovarian cycle? | follicular phase |
| how many follicles develop to maturity? | only one per cycle |
| how many eggs are released by the follicles per cycle? | one egg per follicle per cycle |
| FSH and LH stimulate for what hormone release? | estradiol AKA estrogen |
| estrogen has a ____ feedback on pituitary | negative |
| what does the negative feedback of estrogen do? | causes pituitary to decrease in release of FSH |
| estrogen increases on days # -#? | 7-14 day of the menstrual cycle |
| when does estrogen levels usually peak? | ~12 days |
| what feedback does high levels of estrogen do to the glands? | a positive feedback towards hypothalamus and pituitary |
| what does this feedback do to the hypothalamus and pituitary as estrogen levels peak? | increases release of GnRH in hypothalamus => increased FSH and LH release |
| what does increased LH do to follicle cells? (2) | stimulates follicle cells to release enzyme that digest away follicle walls keeps the follicle cells to grow into the corpus luteum |
| when follicle walls become digested, what happens? | egg is released and ovulation happens |
| what cycle stage does LH initiates? | luteal phase |
| what does the corpus luteum do? | acts as a gland |
| what does the corpus luteum release? | estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin |
| what does progesterone do? | stimulates growth of uterine lining and inhibits contractions of uterus |
| what 2 hormones have a negative feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary? | inhibin and progesterone |
| what does progesterone inhibit? | secretion of GnRH |
| the absence of GnRH does what? | inhibits the release of FSH and LH in pituitary |
| inhibin inhibits what? | FSH secretion in pituitary |
| what decreased levels of FSH and LH mean what? | inhibits the signal for follicular growth |
| what happens to the corpus luteum if female doesn't get pregnant? | destroyed by phagocytes |
| what is menstrual flow result of? | breakdown of the thickened endometrium |
| when the endometrium starts to thicken again is called what phase of the uterine cycle? | proliferative phase |
| if fertilization doesn't happen, what happens to the uterine lining? | continues to grow for another 14 days |
| at day 14, ovulation happens in ovarian cycle and ____ in the uterine cycle | endometrium thickens |
| as the endometrium continues to grow for another 14 days (after proliferative), what phase is this called? | secretory phase of the uterine cycle |
| absence of progesterone during the ovarian cycle causes - | causes contraction of arteries in lining => shuts down blood supply to the lining causing it to disintegrate and flow out |
| what causes the contraction of uterus and cramps? | absence of progesterone and presence of prostaglandins |
| what is the cycle called if a uterine cycle in mammals is reabsorbed rather than released out? | estrous cycle |
| male sex organs (4) | testes, scrotum, epididymis (tubule), vas deferens |
| scrotum | pouch containing testes |
| epididymis: | coiled storage tubule attached to surface of each testis |
| vas deferens | tubule that carries sperm out of testes to external |
| where is sperm produced? | in seminiferous tubules |
| what cells surround developing spermatocytes in seminiferous tubules? | sertoli cells |
| what do sertoli cells do for developing spermatocytes? | supply nutrients and seal spermatocytes off from body blood supply |
| what cells around developing spermatocytes produce androgens? | leydig cells |
| what 3 glands mix with sperm to make semen? | seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands |
| seminal vesicles secrete: | thick seminal fluid, has prostaglandins |
| prostate gland secretes: | alkaline secretion which raises semen pH, helps motility of sperm |
| bulbourethral gland secretes: | clear, mucus-rich fluid which helps with lubrication and neutralizes acidity of residual urine in urethra |
| secretions of accessory glands % : sperm % = semen? | 95% from accessory glands and <5% is sperm = semen |
| in males hypothalamus releases what hormone: | GnRH |
| GnRH stimulates what 2 hormones in males? | FSH and LH from pituitary |
| what does LH stimulate in males? | LH stimulates leydig cells => testosterone release |
| what does testosterone release do to the sperm? | controls sperm production and controls growth and male sex organ functions |
| what does FSH stimulate in males? | stimulates the sertoli cells => secrete protein and molecules for spermatogenesis |
| where can an egg be fertilized? | only at the 3rd oviduct nearest to ovary |
| how does the sperm get to the egg in the oviduct? | enzymes to penetrate follicle cell layer of the egg |
| first mitotic division of embryonic development takes place where? | the fertilized egg still located in the oviduct |
| about # days, and then the egg implants in the uterine lining | 7 days after ovulation |
| hcg function: | helps maintain corpus luteum which maintains estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin levels |
| HCG is very important before or after placenta? | BEFORE, provides hormones for uterus and females to maintain the embryo |
| corpus luteum releases ____ as HCG and pregnancy happens | relaxin, to keep contraction at bay until birth |
| male infertility causes: | low sperm concentration or motility, ED, duct blockage or lifestyle/health issues |
| female infertility causes: | inflammation of fallopian tubes, hormone imbalance, environmental factors- athletic menstrual cycle irregularities |
| birth contraceptives include: | preventing fertilization, ovulation, and interfering with implantation |
| birth contraceptives to prevent fertilization (6): | rhythm method, withdrawal, condom, diaphragm, IUD, surgically |
| diaphragm birth control: | spermicidal jelly which blocks cervix |
| surgery birth control: | m: vasectomy f: tubal ligation |
| prevent ovulation: | birth control pills |
| birth control mechanism: | inhibits secretion of FSH and LH = ovulation doesn't happen |
| emergency contraceptive: | plan b or mifepristone (RU-486) |
| mifepristone mechanism: | blocks progesterone receptors on uterine lining = initiates period removing any embryo on lining |
| mifepristone effectiveness after # days: | 49 days, with a prescription |
| emergency contraception pill (plan b) effectiveness # days: | 3 days or 72 hrs after intercourse |
Created by:
lxsanguyen
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