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NAU Micro 17 & 18
NAU Micro Immunology 1 & 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Types of Immunity: | Innate & Acquired; Active & Passive; Natural & Artificial |
| Give summary of the body's adaptive/specific defenses: | Second line of defense. Humoral containing: B cells, plasma cells that secrete antibodies or Immunglobulin (Ig). Cell-mediated containing: T cells, TH(helper cells) & Tc (cytotoxin) |
| Type of immunity that is inborn through genetic factors: | Innate Immunity |
| Type of immunity that is built up by being exposed to microbes: | Acquired Immunity |
| Type of immunity that is provided by your body's natural antibiotics: | Active Immunity |
| Type of immunity that is provided by ready-made antibodies: | Passive Immunity |
| Two types of Acquired Immunity: | Active & Passive |
| Characteristics of the Immune System: | Antigen, large complex proteins with epitopes & antigenic determinants, Hapten, Antibody and Titer |
| A substance the body identifies as foreign & toward which it mounts an immune response. Most are large protein molecules on the surface of viruses and all cells. A cell can contain many of these. | Antigen |
| Contains several proteins, can have several epitopes or antigenic determinates | Large complex proteins |
| The site where the antigen binds | Epitope |
| Areas on the molecule to which antibodies bind | Determinants |
| A small molecule can act as an antigen if it binds to a larger protein molecule, similar to a small antigen | Hapten |
| A protein produced in response to an antigen that is capable of binding specifically to the antigen | Antibody |
| The quantity of a substance needed to produce a given reaction. Ex: during an infection, an individual's antibody of this, normally increases | Titer |
| Carries out specific immune responses. Develops from stem cells as do other white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets | Lymphocytes |
| Lymphocytes that are processed & mature in tissues. Sometimes referred to as bursal-equivalent tissue. Will also make memory cells for future protection | B cells |
| Stem cells that migrate to the thymus and undergo differentiation into thymus-derived cells | T cells |
| Is carried out by antibodies circulating in the blood. Most effective in defending the body against a foreign substances outside of a cell. | Humoral Immunity |
| Is carried out by T-cells. Most effective in clearing the body of virus & other pathogens that have invaded host cells. Also helps against fungi, cancer, eukaryotic parasites & other foreign tissues | Cell-mediated Immunity |
| Comes into play when B-cells recognize a foreign substance. Will give B-cells the allowance to gather together and attack the foreign substance. | T-helper cells |
| Reactions of a particular antibody with very similar antigens | Cross reactions |
| The ability of the immune system to produce many different kinds of antibodies and T cell receptors that each react with a different epitope | Diversity |
| The immune system recognizes substances it has previously encountered and can respond much more rapidly to the second and subsequent exposure. | Memory |
| Five classes of Immunoglobulins: | IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD |
| The main class of antibodies found in the blood. Accounts for as much as 20% of all plasma proteins. Only antibody that crosses the placenta & mother's milk | IgG |
| Occurs in small amounts in blood and in larger amounts in body secretions ( tears, milk, saliva and mucus) | IgA |
| High levels of this indicate a recent infection or exposure to an antigen | IgM |
| Has a special affinity for receptors on the plasma membranes of basophils in blood or mast cells in tissues. Are made in response to allergens. | IgE |
| Found mainly on B-cell membranes and is rarely secreted. | IgD |
| First recognition of an antigen or the first exposure | Primary response |
| IgM is produced in smaller quantities over a shorter period & IgG is produced sooner & in much larger quantities than in the primary response. Applies to all exposures after the first exposure | Secondary response |
| Two antigen types: | T-independent and T-dependent |
| Has no memory cells produced, only produces IgM, typically goes after pollutants. One able to trigger B cells to produce antibodies without the presence of T cells. | T-independent |
| An antigen that requires T helper cells in addition to appropriate B-cells. Most antigens are this type | T-dependent |
| Clumping of bacteria when held together by antibodies | Agglutination |
| The binding of an antigen to a foreign agent inhibiting the foreign agent, causing this | Neutralization |
| Types of Antigen/ Antibody reactions: | Agglutination, Neutralization and Complement |
| Entire gastrointestinal tract, urogenital tract, respiratory tract & mammary glands | Mucosal Immune system |
| These areas are isolated from the adaptive immune system: | Uterus (when pregnant), anterior chamber of the eye and the testes |
| Factors that modify the Immune System or a Compromised Host | 1. Genetically immune 2. Age 3. Seasonal pattern affects immune system 4. Adequate diet 5. Regular,moderate exercise 6. Injuries of the tissues 7. Pregnancy decreases cell-mediated immunity, no impairment of humoral immunity. |
| Three types of vaccinations: | 1. Live/Attenuated or weakened organism 2. Toxoid 3. Recombinant |
| An inactivated toxin that is no longer harmful, but retains its antigenic properties. Ex: tetanus | Toxoid |
| Genetically engineered antigen | Recombinant |
| Recommended immunizations: | Hepatitis B, Rotavirus, Diphtheria & tetanus,Haemophilus influenzae(Meningitis), Pneumoccal(Streptococcus pneumoniae), Poliovirus, Influenza (virus A), Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Varicella-Zoster, Hepatitis A, Meningococcal (Neisseria Mengitidis) & HPV |
| Is also considered an antigen | Allergen |
| Two types of Immunological disorders: | Hypersensitivity and Immunodeficiency |
| The immune system reacts in an exaggerated or inappropriate way to a foreign substance. | Hypersensitivity or Allergy |
| The immune system responds inadequately to an antigen, either because of inborn or acquired defects in B or T cells. | Immunodeficiency |
| Four types of Hypersensitivity: | 1. Anaphylaxis 2. Cytotoxic 3. Immune Complex 4. Cell-mediated |
| Immediate exaggerated allergic reaction to antigens/allergens. Ex: food allergies, dog & cat dander, hay fever, dust, bee stings. | Anaphylaxis Hypersensitivity |
| Two types of Anaphylaxis: | Localized and Systemic Anaphylaxis |
| Reddening of the skin, watery eyes, hives, asthma & digestive disturbances. | Localized Anaphylaxis |
| Life-threatening reaction. Ex: airway constriction, extreme drop in blood pressure. | Systemic Anaphylaxis |
| Extreme drop in blood pressure | Anaphylactic Shock |
| First exposure to antigen, which produces IgE which attach by Fc tails to the surface of mast cells in the respiratory, GI tract & basophils in the blood. Binding site on IgE is free to react with 2nd exposure of antigen. | Sensitization |
| Antibodies react with antigens on the surface of your cells, which your body thinks are foreign & targets them for destruction. Ex: Mismatched blood fusions, Hemolytic disease of newborn caused by a RH- mother & a RH+ fetus | Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity |
| On second exposure sensitized T helper cells release various cytokines. Ex: contact dermatitis, poison ivy, latex, nickel in jewelry. | Cell-mediated Hypersensitivity |
| Occurs when individuals become hypersensitive to specific antigens on cells or tissues of their own bodies, despite mechanisms that ordinarily create tolerance to those self antigens. Ex: Myasthenia gravis, rheumatoid arthritis, Systemic Lupus | Autoimmune Disease |
| Over 120 different antigens are recognized in humans that are self antigens called: | Histocompatibility Antigens/ MHC molecules/ HLA's |
| Donor organ is typed & transplanted into a recipient whose MHC antigens are a near match | Tolerance |
| Transplant patient given radiation of lymphoid tissues or cytotoxic drugs. | Immunosuppression |
| Two types of Immunodeficiency diseases: | Primary and Secondary |
| Caused by genetic defects in embryological development. Lack of T cells or B cells OR defective T and B cells | Primary Immunodeficiency disease |
| Caused by infectious agents (HIV), malignacies (Hodgkin's disease, multiple myeloma), and immunosuppressants. Acquired through a disease | Secondary Immunodeficiency disease |
| Disease if you have no B cells: | Agamma-globulinemia, primary immunodeficiency |
| Disease if you have no T cells: | DiGeorge Syndrome, primary immunodeficiency |
| Disease if you have no T or B cells: | Severe combined immunodeficiency |
| Impaired by TB, leprosy, Hodgkin's disease, chronic lymphocytic, leukemia, lymphoma. | Cell-mediated which is a secondary immunodeficiency and a humoral immunity |
| Caused by any other defects in host defenses: | Other lymphoid tissue, a primary immunodeficiency |
| Caused by stress, nutrition and physical condition | Nonspecific Host defenses, a secondary immunodeficiency |
| AIDS impairs | Humoral and cell-mediated immunities. A secondary immunodeficiency |
| Targets & damages T helper cells, macrophages, dendritic cells and Langerhans cells which have a CD4 molecule on their surface. Is a prolific replicating virus. 1 billion virus particles produced & destroyed daily, as 2 billion immune cells are replaced. | HIV |
| AIDS can be found in: | Blood, Semen, Vaginal secretions. Minute amounts in saliva and tears. Not found in sweat. |
Created by:
FKrouse
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