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Biology Definition
Flashcards for my definitions sheets
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cocci | Cocci are spherical prokaryote. They occur singly, in pairs, in chains of many cells, and in clusters (resembling bunches of grapes) |
| Bacilli | Bacilli are rod shaped prokaryotes. They are usually solitary, but in some forms the rods are arranged in chains. |
| Spiral | Spiral prokaryotes include spirilla (a bacterium with a rigid spiral structure, found in stagnant water and sometimes causing disease) which range from comma like shapes, to loose coils, to spirochetes (corkscrew shaped). |
| Peptidoglycan | Peptidoglycan is a substance that forms the cell walls of a bacteria. |
| Gram-Positive | Gram-Positive bacteria have simple walls with relatively large amounts of peptidoglycan |
| Gram Negative | Gram Negative bacteria have less peptidoglycan and are structurally more complex, with an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides (lipopolysaccharides: carbohydrates bonded to lipids) |
| Capsule | Capsule is a layer of Polysaccharide or Protien that surrounds the cell wall of prokaryotes. |
| Taxis | Taxis are a directed movement toward or away from stimulus (Stimulus: Something that can elicit or evoke a physiological response in a cell, a tissue, or an organism) |
| Flagella | Flagella are the most common structures that enable Prokaryotes to move (eukaryotes have flagella as well) |
| Nucleoid | Nucleoid is a region within the cell of a Prokaryote that contains all or most of the genetic material. Unlike the nucleoid of a Eukaryote, it is not surrounded by a Nuclear Membrane. |
| Plasmids | Plasmids are independently replicating DNA molecules |
| Binary Fission | Binary Fission is when a Prokaryote does a type of reproduction where it grows roughly twice its size and then divides to for two different cells. (Eukaryotes have Mitosis) |
| Mitosis | Mitosis is a process in Eukaryotes where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells |
| Conjugation | Conjugation is DNA transferred between two Prokaryotic cells that are temporarily joined. The trasfer is always one-way: one cell donates the DNA, and the other receives it |
| Phototrophs | Phototrophs are "light eaters" Like grass, trees, flowers, and many other plants. |
| Chemotrophs | Chemotrophs are "chemical eaters" who obtain energy from chemicals. |
| Autotrophs | Autotrophs are "self feeders" they get their energy from Light or chemical energy to make food. Plants are an example. |
| Heterotrophs | Heterotrophs are "Other eaters" they get their energy from Autotrophs or other Heterotrophs. Humans, Dogs, cats, and even fish are examples |
| Extremophiles | Extremophiles live in environments so extreme that few other organisms can survive there |
| Extreme Halophiles | Extreme Halophiles live in highly saline environments, such as the Great Salt Lake (in Utah), or even the Dead Sea (in Israel) |
| Extreme Thermophiles | Extreme Thermophiles live in VERY hot environments. |
| Methanogens | Methanogens are Archaea that release methane as a by-products of their unique ways of obtaining energy |
| Decomposers | Chemoherterotrophic Prokaryotes function as decomposers, breaking down dead organisms, as well as waste products and thereby unlocking supplies of Carbon, Nitrogen, and other elements |
Created by:
erars
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