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Apologia Biology M4
Apologia Exploring Creation with Biology Module 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cytology | The study of cells |
| Ingestion | The ability to take in nutrients; this includes absorption which is the ability to bring dissolved materials into the cell |
| Digestion | The ability to break food or nutrients down into simpler forms (by hydrolysis or with the help of enzymes) so it can be utilized |
| Respiration | The ability to release energy from the breakdown of food molecules |
| Transport | The ability to distribute or circulate molecules from one part of a cell to another |
| Secreation | The ability to release biosynthesized substances |
| Excretion | The ability to remove soluble metabolic waste from the cell |
| Egestion | The ability to remove non-soluble, undigested waste from the cell |
| Irritability | The ability to respond to stimuli |
| Organelle | A tiny cellular structure that carries out a specific function necessary for the cell to survive |
| Prokaryotic cell | A cell that has no nucleus or other distinct, membrane-bounded organelles |
| Eukaryotic cell | A cell with a membrane-bounded nucleus and other distinct, membrane-bounded organelles |
| Plasma membrane | The semipermeable membrane between the cell contents and the cell's surroundings |
| Cytoplasm | A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended |
| Cytoplasmic streaming | The motion of cytoplasm in a cell that results in a coordinated movement of the cell's content |
| Ribosomes | Non-membrane-bounded organelles responsible for protein synthesis |
| Cell wall | A rigid structure on the outside of certain cells, usually plant and bacterial cells |
| Middle lamella | The thin film between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells |
| Nuclear membrane | A highly-porous membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm |
| Chromatin | Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | An organelle composed of an extensive network of folded membranes that performs several tasks within a cell |
| Rough ER | ER that is dotted with ribosomes |
| Smooth ER | ER that has no ribosomes |
| Golgi Apparatus | The organelles where proteins and lipids are stored and then modified to suit the needs of the cell |
| Vacuole | Larger membrane-bounded organelle used for storage of food, water, or waste |
| Vesicle | Smaller membrane-bounded organelle used mainly for transport of food, waste, or products synthesized for secretion |
| Secretory vesicle | Vesicle that holds products of biosynthesis (like proteins) and transports them to the plasma membrane for secretion |
| Central vacuole | A large vacuole that rests at the center of most plant cells and is filled with water |
| Lysosome | The organelle in animal cells responsible for hydrolysis reactions that break down proteins, carbohydrates, and some lipids |
| Peroxisome | a Cell organelle containing enzymes that catalyze the decomposition of fatty acids and hydrogen peroxide |
| Mitochondria | Double membrane-bounded organelles found in the cells of plants, algae, and some protozoa, generally involved in either the manufacture or storage of food |
| Chloroplasts | Plastids containing green pigment, chlorophyll, used in photosynthesis |
| Chromoplasts | Plastids containing yellow, orange, or red pigments used in photosynthesis |
| Leucoplasts | Non-pigmented plastids that store starches or oils |
| Cytoskeleton | A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement |
| MIcrofilaments | Fine, threadlike proteins found in the cell's cytoskeleton |
| Intermediate filaments | Threadlike proteins in the cell's cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments |
| Microtubles | Spiral strands of protein molecules that form tubelike structures |
| Centrioles | Paired organelles (positioned at right angles to each other) that organize fibers required for cell division; found only in animal cells |
| Centrosome | A small region near the nucleus that is the main organizing site for microtubules; in animal cells it contains the two centrioles |
| Fluid mosaic model | A model proposing that the plasma membrane is composed of a mosaic of components that are free to move fluidly within the plane of the membrane |
| Phospholipid | A lipid in which one of the fatty acid molecules has been replaced by a molecule that contains a hydrophilic phosphate group |
| Semipermeable membrane | A membrane that allows some molecules to pass through but does not allow other molecules to pass through |
| Passive transport | Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane without the need for energy input |
| Active transport | Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane aided by a process that requires energy input |
| Concentration | A measurement of how much solute exists within a certain volume of solvent |
| Concentration gradient | The difference in concentration of like molecules in two areas, like on each side of a plasma membrane |
| Diffusion | The random motion of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (with a concentration gradient) until its concentration becomes equal throughout the area (reaches equilibrium) |
| Osmosis | The diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane from an area of high water concentration (low solute concentration) to low water concentration (high solute concentration) |
| Hyotonic solution | A solution that has a low solute concentration (and so a high water concentration) relative to another solution |
| Hypertonic solution | A solution that has the same solute concentration (and water concentration) relative to another solution |
| Plasmolysis | Collapse of a walled cell's cytoplasm due to a lack of water |
| Cytolysis | The rupturing of a cell due to excess internal pressure |
| Facilitated diffusion | The movement of certain molecules across a cell membrane through protein channels with a concentration gradient |
| Endocytosis | The process of moving particles into the cell by means of vesicles forming from the cell membrane |
| Exocytosis | The process of moving particles out of the cell by means of vesicle membranes fusing with the cell membrane |
| Phagocytosis | The endocytic process by which a cell engulfs large, solid particles or cells |
| Pinocytosis | The endocytic process by which a cell absorbs extracellular fluid containing dissolved particles |
| Robert Hooke | Contributed to cell theory by observing slices of cork and named "cells" |
| Matthias Schleiden | Contributed to cell theory by concluding that all plants are made of cells |
| Theodor Schwann | Contributed to cell theory by concluding that all animals are made of cells |
| Rudolf Virchow | Contributed to cell theory by concluding that all cells come from pre-existing cells |
Created by:
ljmell2000
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