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Animals and Plants
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Actogram | Graphical representation of an organism’s activity during a day. |
| Auxins | A plant growth hormone that promote growth by cell enlargement/elongation in plants shoots and germinating seeds. |
| Biological clock | The mechanism that produces regular periodic chang |
| Circadian rhythm | Behaviour in an organism which is approximately 24 hour a solar day. |
| Circalunar rhythm | Behaviour in an organism which is about 29½ day approximates the cycle of a lunar month. |
| Circannual rhythm | Behaviour in an organism which is approximately 365¼ day – the cycle of a solar year. |
| Circatidal rhythm | Behaviour in an organism which is about 12½ hour - approximates the cycle the tides. |
| Commensalism | An interaction/ relationship between two animal or plant species that live together in which one species benefits from the association while the other is not significantly affected. (+ and O) e.g. E. coli in the human gut. |
| Community | All plants and animals living in a defined area. |
| Competition | The interaction/ relationship between two or more organisms, populations, or species that share some environmental resource when this is in short supply. Both organisms are harmed (- -) |
| Complex hierarchy | Is a social structure in which each animal has a relative position of dominance e.g. baboons. |
| Courtship behaviour | Behaviour in animals that plays a part in the initial attraction of a mate or as a prelude to mating. These are often species specific. |
| Day neutral plants | A plant in which flowering can occur irrespective of the day length |
| Dominance | Behaviour shown by an individual that is higher in a hierarchy than the individual it is relating with. |
| Endogenous | Rhythm controlled by an internal biological clock due to their DNA. |
| Entrainment | The resetting of the biological clock on a regular basis, forcing it to take up the period of the environmental cycle. |
| Environmental cues | A change in the external environment that triggers a change in behaviour or physiology. |
| Exploitation | An interaction between species in which one benefits by using the other as a source of food or shelter. (+ -). |
| Free running period | Free running period The period of a biological rhythm in the absence of external environmental cues. |
| Geotaxis | The directional movement of an animal in response to gravity – e.g. Shellfish such as Toheroa that burrow downwards into the sand exhibit positive geotaxis. |
| Geotropism | The directional growth of plant organs in response to gravity |
| Herbivorism | Form of exploitation where one animal eats a plant (+ -). |
| Interspecific relationships | Interactions between different species. |
| Intraspecific relationships | Interactions between members of the same species. |
| Kinesis | The non-directional movement of an organism in response to a stimulus in which rate of movement depends on the intensity (rather than the direction) of the stimulus – e.g. A slater moves slowly in a damp atmosphere and quickly in a dry one. |
| Learned behaviour | Behaviour not controlled by our biological clock/ DNA. |
| Long day plants | A plant in which flowering can be induced or enhanced by long days (short nights), usually with more than 12 hours of daylight. |
| Migration. | The seasonal mass movement of organisms from one area (breeding grounds) to another (feeding grounds) and back. It is usually a response to lower temperatures resulting in a reduced food supply and is often triggered by a shortening in day length |
| Mutualism | An relationship where two species both benefit from the relationship (+ +). |
| Navigation Methods | organisms use to find their way. Can be solar (sun compass) stellar (star maps) magnetic, ocean currents etc. |
| Negative tropism | A plant growth response away from a stimulus. |
| Nocturnal animal | Animals that are active at night. |
| Parasitism | A form of exploitation where one species lives on another to obtain food (+ -). |
| Period of activity | Time from the start of activity until start of activity again. |
| Phase shift | When light/ dark is altered, the phase shift is the amount by which the period alters. |
| Photoperiodism | The response of an organism to changes in day length (photoperiod). |
| Phototaxis | The directional movement of an animal in response to light – e.g. Certain algae can detect light using a sensitive eyespot and move to regions of higher light to enhance photosynthesis. |
| Phototropism | The directional growth of plant organs in response to light. Shoots usually grow towards light. |
| Phytochrome | A pigment that exists in two forms – Pr and Pfr. During the day Pr Pfr and at night Pfr Pr. If a plant is a LDP you will have high conc of Pfr and this will initiate flowering, while if a SDP high conc of Pr (low conc of Pfr) initiate flowering |
| Pineal gland | Small pea shaped gland in the brain which acts as our timekeeper. |
| Predation | A form of exploitation where one animal hunts (predator) another animal (pray) for food. |
| r-strategy | A reproductive strategy where the parents use their energy to produce lots of offspring but give no parental care to the young (lots of young die early). |
| SCN | Suprachiasmatic Nucleus: cells in the brain which keep track of day and night length. |
| Short day plants | A plant in which flowering can be induced or enhanced by short days (long nights), usually with less than 12 hours of daylight |
| Taxes | Directional movements of animals towards (+) or away (-) in response to external stimuli. |
| Territory | An area which an organism or a group of organisms utilise and actively defend. |
| Thigmotropism | The growth of an aerial plant organ in response to localised physical contact – e.g. Bean tendrils twining around a support. |
| Tropism | Directional growth of a plant towards (+) or away (-) from a stimulus. |
| Tropisms | Directional plant growth responses in response to external stimuli. |
| Zeitgeber | The environmental agent that resets the biological clock e.g. light, temperature. |
Created by:
phoebelongson
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