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Mini Quiz 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| brightfield uses | characterization of bacterial and their structures via differential stains |
| brightfield drawbacks | dead specimen, can't see viruses and colorless cells |
| darkfield uses | morphology of even smaller bacteria, microbes are alive/unstained |
| darkfield drawbacks | can't view viruses, not high enough resolution |
| phase contrast/DIC uses | gives high 3-D contrast of live unstained specimen can view organelles due to contrast |
| phase contrast/DIC drawbacks | can't view viruses, not high enough resolution |
| fluorescence uses | using fluorophores to identify molecules, proteins and structures can be used for dead and live cells |
| fluorescence drawbacks | can't view viruses, not high enough resolution |
| total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy uses | using fluorophores to view proteins, molecules and structures at the cortex and membrane of cells |
| total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy drawbacks | can't view viruses, not high enough resolution cannot view rest of cell |
| transmission electron microscopy (TEM) uses | electron beam to view at nm scale and internal structures |
| transmission electron microscopy (TEM) drawbacks | dead specimen |
| scanning electron microscopy (SEM) uses | electron beams to view surfaces |
| scanning electron microscopy (SEM) drawbacks | dead specimen |
| specimen staining | add a stain/dye to microbe |
| specimen staining uses | increases visibility, preserves sample morphology, highlights morphological features, kills sample |
| fixation | internal and external structures in position |
| heat fixation | preserves morphology/inactivates enzymes |
| chemical fixation | protects subcellular structure |
| basic dyes | have positive charged groups and bind to negatively charged molecules, positive staining |
| acidic dyes | have negative charged groups and bind to positively charged molecules, for cellular structures, negative staining |
| gram staining | general cell wall properties |
| acid-fast stain | high lipid content cell wall |
| endospore stain | vegetative, dormant spore |
| peptidoglycan | rigid structure that lies just outside plasma membrane unique to bacteria |
| gram-positive | thick peptidoglycan layer, purple 3-20 layers threaded by techoic acid |
| gram-negative | thin peptidoglycan layer, red 1-2 layers bi-layer outer membrane |
| general characteristics of bacteria | unicellular, peptidoglycan cell wall (gram +/-), lacks a membrane-bound nucleus, different environments and conditions |
| biochemical components of bacteria | H2O, ions, small organic molecules, macromolecules |
| bacterial capsule | outer layer of polysaccharides, adherence to surfaces, resistance to phagocytosis (slippery) |
| phospholipid bilayer | 2 layers of phospholipids and carbs, hydrophobic tail, hydrophilic head |
| membrane proteins | structural support, detection of environmental signals, secretes virulence and communication signals, ion transport and energy storage |
| membrane reinforcement in prokaryotes | hopanoids/hopanes |
| membrane transport | semipermeable |
| diffusion | small uncharged molecules easily permeate membrane |
| osmosis | H2O diffuses across membrane |
| transporters | help polar molecules and charged molecules with active transport |
| osmotic pressure | pressure affected by the concentration of H2O in solution |
| isotonic | same solute concentration, no net movement of H2O |
| hypertonic | higher solute concentration, H2O leaves cell, shrink |
| hypotonic | lower solute concentration, H2O enters cell, swell/lyse |
| cell wall | confers shape and rigidity to cell, protects cell membrane |
| amino acids | make cross linking peptides |
| techoic acid | carbohydrate chain, stabilizes peptidoglycan (rigidity), negatively charged cross-threads help retain basic dyes |
| S-layer (surface layer) | Gram + and -, archaea crystalline layer of thick subunits made of protein or glycoprotein cell shape and protect cell from osmotic stress |
| gram-negative outer membrane | inward-facing leaflet includes lipoprotein |
| lipoprotein | connects outer membrane to peptidoglycan |
| lipopolysaccharides (LPS) | in outer membrane act as endotoxins |
| gram-negative bacteria cells die | releases LPS cytokine storm overstimulates immune cells |
| porins | allow passage of nutrients site of antibiotic entry |
| genus mycobacterium | mycolic acids (fatty acids) linked to arabinogalactan (polysaccharide) linked to peptidoglycan |
| pili | long and thick 1-2/cell DNA transfer motility sex pili |
| fimbriae | evenly distributed or at poles short and thin hair-like 1000/cell attachment |
| nucleoid | prokaryotic cell region where DNA is organized |
| circular DNA | super-coiled with NAPs (nucleoid-associated proteins) |
| ribosomes | responsible for protein synthesis |
| prokaryotic structure for ribosomes | small 30S large 50S complete 70S |
| plasmid | extra chromosomal DNA circular double-stranded DNA replicates independently often carry unique genes |
| inclusions | stores excess nutrients can help reduce osmotic pressure |
| flagellum | external filament that propels cell |
| flagellar motor | FliC MotA-MotB complex FliG |
| FliC (flagellin) | each flagellum is a spiral filament of protein monomers |
| MotA-MotB complex | H+ flow through MotA-MotB complex drives motor rotation |
| FliG | generates torque |
| polar flagellum | flagellum at the end of the cell |
| monotrichous | 1 flagellum |
| amphitrichous | 1 flagellum at each end of cell |
| lophotrichous | cluster of flagella at 1 or both ends |
| peritrichous | spread over entire surface of cell |
| phototaxis | light |
| chemotaxis | chemical gradients |
| magnetotaxis | magnetic fields |
| attractants | cause counterclockwise rotation, flagella bundle together, push cell forward, "run" |
| repellents | cause clockwise rotation, flagellar bundle falls apart, bacterium briefly stops then changes direction "tumble" |
| bacteria move without flagella | fluid/currents or actin polymerization |
| general characteristics of eukaryotes | unicellular and multicellular multiple chromosomes, linear DNA membrane-bound organelles and nucleus |
| active transport | phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis |
| phagocytosis | large particles taken in and engulfed w/ membrane |
| pinocytosis | small particles and ions, cell drinking |
| receptor-mediated endocytosis | receptor on membrane reacts to particles outside cell, sets off a signal cascade |
| cell wall | most eukaryotes don't have a cell wall except fungi, insects, plants, and algae |
| flagella and cilia | both made of microtubules, flagella longer and fewer than cilia, both bend and don't rotate, ATP needed |
| cytoskeleton | structural support, organelle anchors, network of transportation roads |
| microtubule | road ways, cell division |
| intermediate filament | nucleus position, anchor cells together |
| microfilament | actin filament, endocytosis/exocytosis, cell division, cell movement |
| bacterial mitochondria | has own genome, 70S ribosomes |
| outer mitochondrial membrane | host cell membrane |
| inner mitochondrial membrane | bacterial plasma membrane, electron transport chain |
| mitochondrial matrix | original cytoplasm |
| nucleus | nuclear membrane/nuclear envelope multiple linear DNA chromosomes histone |
| nucleolus | rRNA synthesis, ribosome assembly |
| endomembrane system | used to transport materials Golgi, lysosome, ER, vesicle |
| peroxisome | make and break down hydrogen peroxide amino acids, fatty acids synthesize lipids |
| ER | interconnected cisternae lipid bilayer around lumen |
| rough ER | protein |
| smooth ER | lipids, detox, carb metabolism |
| Golgi | membranous disks, lipid bilayer add carbs to some |
| cis Golgi | incoming package |
| trans Golgi | outgoing |
Created by:
adetayo7
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