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1610 Biology Ch. 3
Full Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What element is essential to the formation of the backbones of the large, complex molecules essential to life? | Carbon |
| How many valence electrons does a Carbon atom have? | 4 |
| How many covalent bonds can a Carbon atom form? | 4 |
| ___________ are organic compounds that consist only of carbon and hydrogen. | Hydrocarbons |
| ____________ are isomers that are mirror images of one another. | Enantiomers |
| Compounds with the same molecular formulas but different structures and thus different properties are called _________. | isomers |
| What are the three types of isomers? | structural isomers, geometric isomers, and enantiomers |
| ____________ isomers are compounds that differ in the covalent arrangement of their atoms. | Structural |
| _________ isomers are compounds that are identical in the arrangement of their covalent bonds but different in the spatial arrangement of atoms or groups of atoms. | Geometric |
| Because covalent bonds between hydrogen and carbon are ____________, hydrocarbons lack distinct charged regions. | nonpolar |
| Hydrocarbons are ___________ in water. | insoluble |
| Polar and ionic functional groups are _________ because they associate with polar water molecules. | hydrophilic |
| What are the 4 biologically important compounds? | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
| The abbreviation R-OH stands for __________. | hydroxyl group |
| The _________ group consist of a carbon atom that has a double covalent bond with an oxygen atom. | carbonyl |
| An ___________ has a carbonyl group positioned at the end of the carbon skeleton. | aldehyde |
| A _________ has an internal carbonyl group. | ketone |
| The structural formula R-CHO is a___________. | aldehyde |
| The structural formula R-CO-R is a ___________. | ketone |
| The ________ group in its non-ionized form consists of a carbon atom joined by a double covalent bond to an oxygen atom, and by a single covalent bond to another oxygen, which is in turn bonded to a hydrogen atom. | carboxyl |
| The structural formula R-COOH is the ________ group. | carboxyl group |
| ________ groups are weakly acidic; only a fraction of the molecules ionize in this way. | Carboxyl |
| ________ groups are essential constituents of amino acids. | Carboxyl |
| The structural formula R-NH2 is the __________ group. | amino |
| An _________ group in its non-ionized form includes a nitrogen atom covalently bonded to two hydrogen atoms. | amino |
| _________ groups are weakly basic because they are able to accept a hydrogen ion (proton). | Amino |
| The structural formula R-PO4H2 is the _________ group. | phosphate |
| The _________ group consist of an atom of sulfer covalently bonded to a hydrogen atom. | sulfhydryl |
| The structural formula R-SH is the ________ group. | sulfhydryl |
| Which functional group is polar because electronegative oxygen attracts covalent electrons? | Hydroxyl Group |
| Which functional group is weakly acidic; can release an H+? | Carboxyl Group |
| Which functional group is weakly basic; can accept an H+? | Amino Group |
| Which functional group is weakly acidic; one or two H+ can be released? | Phosphate Group |
| Which functional group helps stabilize the internal structure of proteins | Sulfhyrdryl Group |
| Which class of Carbonyl group matches the following; has a carbon that is bonded to at least one H atom; polar because electronegative oxygen attracts covalent electrons. | Aldehyde |
| Which class of Carbonyl group matches the following; has a carbon that is bonded to two other carbons; polar because electronegative oxygen attracts covalent electrons. | Ketones |
| Many biological molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids are very large, consisting of thousands of atoms. Such giant molecules are known as ____________. | macromolecules |
| Most macromolecules are ___________, produced by linking small organic compounds called monomers. | polymers |
| Polymers can be degraded to their component monomers by ___________ reaction. | hydrolysis |
| The biological term that means "to break with water" is ______________. | hydrolysis |
| Monomers are covalently linked by ___________ reactions. | condensation |
| Sugars, starches, and cellulose are ______________. | carbohydrates |
| __________ is the main structural component of the walls that line plant cells. | Cellulose |
| One sugar unit is called a _____________. | monosaccharides |
| Two sugar units is called a _____________. | Disaccharides |
| Three or more sugar units is called ___________. | Polysaccharides |
| How many carbon atoms do monosaccharides usually contain? | 3-7 |
| In a ___________, a hydroxyl group is bonded to each carbon except one; that carbon is double-bonded to an oxygen atom, forming a carbonyl group. | Monosaccharide |
| If a carbonyl group is at the end of the chain, the monosaccharide is an _____________. | Aldehyde |
| If the carbonyl group is NOT at the end of the chain, the monosaccharide is a _________. | Ketone |
| The large number of polar hydroxyl groups, plus the carbonyl group, gives a monosaccharide __________ properties. | hydrophilic |
| The simplest carbohydrates are the three-carbon sugars called __________. | Trioses |
| Glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone are what type of sugars? | Triose |
| Ribose and deoxyribose are common ________ sugars. | Pentose |
| ________ sugars contain 5 carbons. | Pentose |
| _________ sugars are components of nucleic acids (DNA, RNA, and related compounds). | Pentose |
| _________ sugars have 6 carbons. | Hexose |
| Glucose, fructose, and galactose are ________ sugars. | Hexose |
| What is the most abundant monosaccharide? | Glucose |
| During cellular respiration, cells oxidize _________ molecules, converting the stored energy to a form that can be readily used for cell work. | glucose |
| Gluctose and fructose are ________ isomers. | structural |
| A disaccharide (two sugars) contains two monosaccharide rings joined by a __________ linkage. | glycosidic |
| During digestion, _________ is hydrolized to form two molecules of glucose. | maltose |
| A ___________ is a macromolecule consisting of repeating units of simple sugars, usually glucose. | polysaccharide |
| ______________ are the most abundant carbohydrates and include starches, glycogen, and cellulose. | polysaccharides |
| _________ is the typical form of carbohydrate used for energy storage in plants. | Starch |
| What two forms does starch occur in? | amylose and amylopectin |
| Plant cells store starch mainly as granules within specialized organelles called ____________. | amyloplasts |
| ___________ is sometimes referred to as animal starch. | Glycogen |
| _____________ is the form in which glucose subunits, joined by a1-4 linkages, are stored as an energy source in animal tissues. | Glycogen |
| ___________ are the most abundant group of organic compounds on Earth. | Carbohydrates |
| _____________ is the most abundant carbohydrate. | Cellulose |
| ___________ contains B-glucose monomers joined by B1-4 linkages. | Cellulose |
| ___________ is a main component of the cell walls of fungi and of the external skeletons of insects, crayfish, and other arthopods. | chitin |
| The amino sugars ___________ and _________ are compounds in which a hydroxyl group (-OH) is replaced by an amino group (-NH2). | galactosamine and glucosamine |
| __________ is present in cartlidge, a constituent of the skeletal system. | Galactosamine |
| N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG) subunits, joined by glycosidic bonds, compose __________. | chitin |
| Carbohydrates may also combine with proteins to form _______________, compounds present on the outer surface of cells other than bacteria. | Glycoproteins |
| Carbohydrates combine with lipids to form ___________, compounds on the surfaces of animal cells that allow cells to recognize and interact with one another. | glycolipids |
| ________ are a heterogeneous group of compounds that are categorized by the fact that they are soluble in nonpolar solvents and are relatively insoluble in water. | lipids |
| The most abundant lipids in living organisms are _________________. | triacylglycerols |
| A ____________ molecule consists of glycerol joined to three fatty acids. | triacylglycerol |
| ___________ is a three-carbon alcohol that contains three hydroxyl (-OH) groups. | Glycerol |
| A ________ _______ is a long, unbranched hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group (-COOH) at one end. | fatty acid |
| A triacylglycerol molecule is formed by a series of _______ condensation reactions. | three |
| In each reaction that is takes to form a triacylglycerol, the equivalent of a water molecule is removed as one of the glycerol's hydroxyl groups reacts with the carboxyl group of a fatty acid, resulting in the formation of a covalent linkage known as what | ester linkage |
| ________ acid is the most widely distributed fatty acid in nature and is found in most animal and plant fats. | Oleic |
| _________ fatty acid contains the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms. | Saturated |
| Fats high in _________ fatty acids tend to be solid at room temperature. | saturated |
| ___________ fatty acids include one or more adjacent pairs of carbon atoms joined by a double bond. | Unsaturated |
| Fatty acids with one double bond are __________ fatty acids. | monounsaturated |
| Fatty acids with more than on double bond are _________ fatty acids. | polyunsaturated |
| Fats containing a large portion of monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids tend to be _________ at room temperature. | liquid |
| The __________ interactions tends to make a substance more solid by limiting the motion of its molecules. | van der Waals |
| When fatty acids are artificially hydrogenated, the double bonds can become rearranged, resulting in a _____ configuration. | trans |
| _______ fatty acids are technically unsaturated, but they mimic many of the properties of saturated fatty acids. | Trans |
| What are the two unsaturated fatty acids are essential nutrients that must be obtained from food because the human body cannot synthesize them? | linoleic and arachidonic |
| Phospholipids belong to a group of lipids known as ____________ lipids, in which one end of each molecule is hydrophilic and the other end is hydrophobic. | amphipathic |
| A _________ consists of a glycerol molecule attached at one end to two fatty acids and at the other end to a phosphate group linked to an organic compound such as choline. | phospholipid |
| _________ are fundamental components of cell membranes. | phospholipids |
| Carotenoids and many other pigments are derived from _________ units. | isoprene |
| The orange and yellow plant pigments called _________ are classified with the lipids because they are insoluble in water and have an oily consistency. | carotenoids |
| Most animals convert carotenoids to vitamin A, which can then be converted to the visual pigment ______. | retinal |
| A ________ consists of carbon atoms arranged in four attached rings; three rings contain six carbon atoms, and the fourth contains five. | steroids |
| _________, macromolecules composed of amino acids, are the most versatile cell components. | Proteins |
| _________ are molecules that accelerate the thousands of different chemical reactions that take place in an organism. | Enzymes |
| __________, the constituents of proteins, have an amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH) bonded to the same asymmetrical carbon atom known as the ______ carbon. | Amino Acids; alpha |
| ___________ amino acids are those an animal cannot synthesize in amounts sufficient to meet its needs and must obtain from the diet. | Essential |
| The covalent carbon-to-nitrogen bond linking two amino acids is a __________ bond. | peptide |
| When two amino acids combine, a _________ is formed. | dipeptide |
| A long chain of amino acids is a ___________. | polypeptide |
| ____________ proteins are tightly folded into compact, roughly spherical shapes. | Globular |
| The sequence of amino acids, joined by peptide bonds, is the ________ structure of a polypeptide chain. | primary |
| __________ structure results from hydrogen bonding involving the backbone. | Secondary |
| The __________ structure of a protein molecule is the overall shape assumed by each individual polypeptide chain. | tertiary |
| __________ structure is the resulting 3D structure resulting from interactions among polypeptides. | Quaternary |
| _______ has a fibrous type of quaternary structure that allows it to function as the major strengthener of animal tissues. | Collagen |
| Proteins known as __________ __________ mediate the folding of other protein molecules. | molecular chaperones |
| A single protein may have more than one distinct structural region, called a _________, with each its own function. | domain |
| _________ acids transmit hereditary information and determine what proteins a cell manufactures. | Nucleic |
| ___________ acid composes the genes, the hereditary material of the cell, and contains the instructions for making all the proteins, as well as all the RNA the organism needs. | Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
| __________ acid participate in the process in which amino acids are linked to form polypeptides. | Ribonucleic acid (RNA) |
| Some types of RNA, known as __________, can even act as specific biological catalysts. | Ribozymes |
| Nucleic acids are polymers of __________. | nucleotides |
| The molecules of nucleic acids are made of linear chains of nucleotides, which are joined by _______________ linkages. | phosphodiester |
| _____________, composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphates, is of major importance as the primary energy currency of all cells. | ATP, adenosine triphosphate |
| ____________, a nucleotide that contains the base guanine, can transfer energy by transferring a phosphate group and also has a role in cell signaling. | GTP, guanosine triphosphate |
| A nucleotide can be converted to an alternative form with specific cell functions. ATP is converted to _________ by the enzyme adenylyl cyclase. | cyclic ATP |
Created by:
Grace Perry
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