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endocrine system
signaling, classes, functional classes, glands
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| hormones are ____ messengers: | chemical messengers |
| T or F: hormones can act at a distance | True |
| hormone characteristics (2) | complex in structure, stable to resist destruction and half-life |
| types of signaling (5) | classical, neurohormone, paracrine regulators, autocrine regulators, pheromones |
| Classical endocrine signaling: | systemic (initiated outside the organ/organ system to act on another organ/organ system) |
| neurohormone signaling: | produce and released from neurons, but travels through blood. NOT SYNAPTIC |
| paracrine regulator signaling: | doesn't travel in blood, allows cells to regulate each other |
| autocrine regulator signaling: | secreted by same cell as receptor target, self |
| pheromone signaling: | chemicals released to environment to communicate with individuals of a species |
| pheromone fun fact: | not involved in normal metabolic regulation of organisms |
| four classes of signaling molecules: | amine, steroid, peptide, fatty acid |
| amine hormones common in what kind of signalling? | classical endocrine and neuroendocrine signaling |
| T of F: most amines are hydrophobic | FALSE, most amines are hydrophilic |
| neurotransmitters that are amines (3): | dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine |
| an amine that is hydrophobic? | thyroxine |
| thyroxine is secreted by which gland? | thyroid gland |
| amines have ____ structure for stability? | rings! |
| peptide hormones is common in what kind of signaling? | classical endocrine and neuroendocrine signaling |
| peptide hormones consists of: | amino acid chains |
| peptide hormones can also act in: (not as common) | paracrine and autocrine signaling |
| example of peptide signaling: | growth factors |
| steroid hormones are common in what kind of signaling? | classical endocrine signaling |
| T of F: steroid hormones are hydrophobic | TRUE, steroids are hydrophobic because they're derived from cholesterol (fat) |
| what makes up a steroid hormone? | house, 3 bedrooms, 1 bath (HO), antenna (hydrocarbon chain) |
| steroid examples: | aldosterone, cortisol, sex hormones |
| fatty acid-derived hormones are common in what kind of signaling? | paracrine and autocrine signaling |
| ex of what fatty acid-derived hormones do: | increase contractions of smooth muscles (uterus), induce contraction/relaxation of smooth muscles in blood vessels and air passageways, intensifies pain and inflammation in injured cells |
| ex of fatty acid derived hormones: | prostaglandins, oxytocin |
| a sensor and effector in an endocrine system can be (3): | a cell, endocrine organ, or many endocrine organs |
| 2 functional classes of hormones: | lipophilic and hydrophilic |
| lipophilic: | non-polar or fat-soluble |
| hydrophilic: | polar or water-soluble |
| ex of lipophilic hormones: | steroid and thyroid hormones |
| how do lipophilic travel in the blood? | travel on transport proteins in blood |
| because lipophilic hormones are fat-soluble, where are their receptors located? | receptors are intracellular |
| lipophilic hormones take short or long time to activate? | takes longer to activate |
| hydrophilic hormone examples: | all other hormones not steroid or thyroid hormones |
| how do hydrophilic hormones travel in the blood? | free flowing, soluble in blood |
| how do hydrophilic hormones bind to receptors? | extracellular, because not fat-soluble through lipid bilayer |
| hydrophilic hormones act briefly or longer? | brief time period |
| intracellular receptors are slow because: | fat-soluble hormones can diffuse into nucleus and start DNA transcription and protein synthesis |
| extracellular receptors use: | secondary messengers |
| ratio of lipophilic hormone to receptor: | 1:1 ratio |
| lipophilic hormones --> | intracellular receptors |
| hydrophilic hormones --> | extracellular receptors |
| hydrophilic hormones creates _____ from small amounts of hormones | amplification, therefore fast response and exponential |
| hydrophilic hormones cause/initiate ____ of proteins for the next step in the pathway | cascade |
| endocrine gland: | product secreted into ECF and carried in the blood |
| exocrine gland: | secrete products into a duct |
| pituitary gland AKA master gland AKA: | hypophysis |
| pituitary gland has 2 parts: | anterior (adenohypophysis)- oral ectoderm posterior (neurohypophysis) - neural ectoderm |
| anterior pituitary gland appears: | glandular |
| posterior pituitary gland appears: | fibrous |
| anterior pituitary gland hormones (8): | thyroid stimulating hormone (TCH) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) growth hormone (GH) prolactin (PRL) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) luteinizing hormone (LH) endorphins |
| tropic hormones: | acts on another endocrine gland |
| Tropic anterior pituitary gland hormones (2): | TSH and ACTH |
| non-tropic anterior pituitary gland hormones (4) : | MSH, GH, PRL, endorphins |
| posterior pituitary gland hormones (2): | ADH and oxytocin |
| posterior pituitary hormones are also known as: | neurohormones |
| posterior pituitary gland is for ____ of oxytocin and ADH: | storage => not made on demand |
| major endocrine glands in vertebrates (9): | hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal medulla and cortex, gonads, pancreas, pineal gland |
| thyroid gland hormones (3): | T3, T4, calcitonin |
| T3 and T4 are for : | metabolism |
| T3 vs T4: | T4: converted to T3 in the liver T3:more active forms of thyroid hormones bind to nuclear receptors |
| hypothyroidism symptoms: | fatigue, weight gain, hair thinning, cold |
| hyperthyroidism symptoms: | sweaty, insomnia, rapid weight loss, increase response to environment |
| calcitonin function: | uptakes excess calcium from blood and stores into bones => lowering calcium blood levels |
| calcitonin trigger: | high levels of calcium in blood |
| parathyroid hormones (1): | PTH |
| PTH function: | increases calcium in blood by osteoclasts stimulates kidney to reabsorb calcium from urine stimulates intestinal absorption of calcium |
| osteoclasts function: | breakdown of calcium phosphates in bone and releases calcium into blood, |
| calcitonin and PTH relationship: | antagonists to each other (they do opposite functions/goal) |
| adrenal glands made up of (2): | adrenal medulla (inner) adrenal cortex (outer) |
| adrenal medulla is stimulated by: | sympathetic nervous system |
| what does adrenal medulla secrete? | catecholamines- epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| Adrenal cortex stimulated by: | ACTH |
| what does adrenal cortex secrete? | corticosteroids- glucocorticoids and aldosterone |
| glucocorticoids ex: | cortisol |
| glucocorticoids functions: | maintain glucose homeostasis |
| aldosterone AKA: | mineralocorticoids |
| aldosterone functions: | regulate mineral balance |
| pancreas has both ____ and ____ functions: | exocrine and endocrine |
| connected to the small intestine through: | pancreatic duct |
| what are the cells in the pancreas called that produce and secrete hormones for blood glucose levels? | Islets of Langerhans |
| 2 hormones produced and released by pancreas? | insulin and glucagon |
| insulin is secreted by ___ cells of islets: | beta |
| insulin function: | uptake of glucose in blood and storage as glycogen |
| glycogen is stored in: | liver, in muscle cells, or as fat in fat cells |
| glucagon is secreted by ____ cells of islets: | alpha |
| glucagon functions: | breaks down glycogen through hydrolysis in liver and fat in adipose tissues |
| pineal gland location: | roof of the third ventricle of the brain |
| secretes (1) hormone: | melatonin |
| function of melatonin: | synchronizes body processes to circadian rhythm |
| when does melatonin get secreted? | activated in the dark |
| what are the gonads? | ovaries (female) testes (male) |
| hormone produced: | sex steroid hormones |
| sex steroid hormone: | estrogen and progesterone androgens (testosterone) |
Created by:
lxsanguyen
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