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tissues
epithelium types, connective tissue types, muscle tissue, nervous tissue
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| cells | smallest structural and functional unit of an organism |
| tissue | group of cells that have the same function and structure, carries out 1+ specialized activities |
| organ | 2+ tissues make up this structure that carries out a specific function |
| ex of organs: | eyes, liver, skin, intestines, stomach, etc. |
| ex of tissue: | epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous |
| organ systems | aka body systems, coordinates activities with 2+ organs that carry out body function |
| ex of organ systems: | urinary, reproductive, digestive, immune |
| epithelial tissues | sheet-like, connected cells by tight junctions with little ECM between them |
| epithelial tissue functions: | covers (body surfaces or organ surfaces), lines cavities and ducts inside body, acts as barrier |
| ex epithelial tissues: | capillary linings |
| largest tissue organization in the human body? | epithelial tissue |
| cilia functions: | move fluids through cavities/ducts |
| cilia locations: | respiratory tracts, middle ear (balance), on surfaces of most human cells |
| where is cilia located on the cell (layers of epithelium tissues) | on apical surface |
| microvilli functions: | increases surface area, secretes and absorbs |
| microvilli locations: | lining of small intestines |
| ways epithelium are classified: | quantity and shaped |
| epithelium classification for quantity: | simple or stratified |
| shapes of epithelium: | squamous, cuboidal, columnar |
| epithelium types in body: | simple squamous, stratified squamous, cuboidal epithelium, columnar epithelium |
| simple squamous epithelium function: | diffusion (thin) |
| simple squamous epithelium locations: | blood vessels, air sacs in lungs |
| stratified squamous epithelium function: | protection against abrasions, impact (thick) |
| stratified squamous epithelium locations: | mouth, esophagus, vagina, skin |
| cuboidal epithelium functions: | secretion, absorption |
| cuboidal epithelium locations: | glands, tubular parts of nephrons in kidneys |
| fun fact on cuboidal/columnar epithelium in human body: | rare to find stratified, usually comes in single |
| columnar epithelium functions: | secretion (enzymes) and absorption |
| columnar epithelium locations: | lining of gut and respiratory tract |
| epithelium stem cells: | undifferentiated cells, will produce and divide into specialized body cells or more stem cells |
| epithelium stem cell locations: | bone marrow, blood vessels, skeletal muscles, liver, brain |
| glands | comes from epithelia, exocrine and endocrine glands |
| exocrine glands: | connected to epithelium by a duct and empties secretion on epithelial surface (on top of skin or let out) |
| exocrine gland ex: | mucus, saliva, sweat, earwax, oils, milk |
| endocrine glands | ductless, releases hormones |
| how are endocrine glands distributed in the body: | circulatory systems |
| ex of endocrine glands: | pituitary, adrenal gland, thyroid gland |
| glands are made up of what kind of epithelium classification: | cuboidal epithelium tissue |
| connective tissue function: | supports other body tissues and acts as filter/barriers |
| connective tissue is made up? | ECM, cells |
| ECM consistency: | fluid, firm gels, crystalline |
| ECM fluid ex: | blood, lymph |
| ECM firm gel ex: | tendons |
| ECM crystalline ex: | bone |
| ECM proteins: | glycoproteins (collagen, fibronectin), elastin fibers, resilin |
| what is the most elastic material known from the ECM proteins? | resilin, found in insects and crustaceans |
| 6 types of connective tissues | loose/dense connective tissue, cartilage, bone, adipose tissue, blood |
| loose connective tissue function: | flexible and protect surfaces of epithelia, lubricates surfaces of organs to prevent chafing |
| loose connective tissue make up: | collagen fiber, fibroblasts, elastin fiber |
| dense connective tissue function: | strength and elasticity, |
| dense connective tissue locations: | tendons, ligaments, cornea of eye |
| dense connective tissue make up: | fibroblasts, masses of collagen and elastin fibers, PARALLEL bundles |
| loose connective tissue locations: | surfaces of blood vessels, nerves, internal organs |
| cartilage function: | support, flexibility, joint movement with little friction |
| cartilage location: | ends of long bones, ears, nose, parts of airways, skeleton of vertebrates |
| cartilage make up: | tough elastic matrix (chondroitin sulfate), collagen fibers surrounding chondrocytes, |
| bone connective tissue function: | supports and protects body, movement |
| bone make up: | osteocytes embedded in ECM with collagen fibers and glycoproteins, osteoblasts, osteoclasts |
| adipose tissue function: | insulation, cushion, richly supplied with blood vessels, storage |
| adipose tissue location: | layer under the skin, around internal organs, within bone marrow, breast tissue |
| adipose tissue make up: | LITTLE ECM, adipocytes |
| blood tissue function: | transportation, removes wastes |
| blood tissue location: | all over body |
| blood tissue make up: | erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, suspended in plasma (fluid ECM) |
| muscle tissue (3): | skeletal, cardiac and smooth |
| muscle tissue: | cells that can contract (shorten) |
| 2 muscle proteins for contraction: | actin and myosin |
| skeletal muscle make up: | muscle fibers, multinucleated, striated (PARALLEL myosin and actin) gives the banded appearance |
| skeletal muscle contraction: | voluntary |
| cardiac muscle make up: | striated, short and branched, connected to each other at intercalated disks |
| cardiac muscle junctions: | anchoring and gap junctions allows heart muscle to contract in all direction and in rhythm |
| cardiac muscle contraction: | involuntary |
| smooth muscle make up: | cells are small and spindle-shaped, actin and myosin arranged loosely (smooth), |
| smooth muscle junctions: | gap junctions for unit contraction, maintain steady levels for long time |
| smooth muscle locations: | walls of tubes and cavities (blood vessels, stomach, intestine, bladder) |
| smooth muscle contraction: | involuntary |
| nervous tissue make up: | neurons and glial cells |
| glial cell functions: | supports and provide nutrients to neurons, electrical insulation, clean up debris and foreign matter |
| neurons structure: | cell body, dendrites, axons |
| organ system ultimate goal: | homeostasis in the body |
| organ system functions: | transporting wastes, producing macromolecules, responding to external environment, protecting body from injury, reproducing and nourishing offsprings |
| ECF make up: | plasma and interstitial fluid |
| ECF function: | transitional zone, connects ICF to external environment |
| organism receives oxygen and releases wastes via what? | via ECF |
| nutrients and oxygen enters cells from where to where? | enter cells from plasma -> interstitial fluid -> capillaries |
| wastes moves from where to where? | from cell -> interstitial fluid -> plasma/blood -> wherever needs to exit |
| ICF and ECF are _____ homeostasis: | dynamic homeostasis |
| homeostasis regulators: | maintain internal environment at a steady state according to external changes |
| homeostasis conformers: | internal environments that match external environment (no internal set point) |
| local homeostasis controls: | happens within organ where changes need to be made |
| local homeostasis ex: | increase blood flow to a working muscle |
| systemic homeostasis controls: | initiated outside of an organ/organ system to control organ/organ system's activity |
| systemic homeostasis ex: | maintaining blood pressure |
| systemic homeostasis controlled by (2): | nervous and endocrine system |
| negative feedback loop components: | stimulus, sensor, integrator, effector(s), compensatory response |
| positive feedback loop: | always moves forward, exponential increase, moves further away from homeostasis |
| acclimatization: | set point changes because of alteration in environmental conditions |
| acclimation: | artificially set point changes in lab |
| temporary change in set point: | acclimatization |
| changes that occur at genetic level over generations: | evolutionary adaptation |
Created by:
lxsanguyen
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