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BIO 2273L Pratical 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| what are the general features of all epithelial tissues? | have one free surface and a basement membrane, avascular, in contact with desmosomes, have tight junctions, gap junctions, and classified on basis of cell shape and layers |
| Where are cell junctions found? | on lateral and basal surfaces of cells |
| What are the types of cell junctions? | desmosomes, tight, and gap |
| what is the function of desmosomes? | anchor junctions |
| what is the function of tight junctions? | form permeability layer |
| what is the function of gap junctions? | allow intracellular communication |
| What are the 4 types of tissues? | epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerveous |
| What are the functions of simple squamous epithelium? | Filtration, diffusion, osmosis, secretion |
| What are the locations of simple squamous epithelium? | Air sacs of lungs, walls of capillaries, lining of blood vessels and ventral body cavity |
| What are the functions of simple cuboidal epithelium? | Secretion, absorption |
| What are the locations of simple cuboidal epithelium? | Surfaces of ovaries, lining of kidney tubules, lining of ducts of certain glands |
| What are the functions of simple columnar epithelium? | Protection, secretion, absorption |
| What are the locations of simple columnar epithelium? | Lining of uterus, stomach, gallbladder, and intestines |
| What are the functions of Pseudostratified columnar epithelium? | Protection, secretion, movement of mucus and substances |
| What are the locations of Pseudostratified columnar epithelium? | Lining of respiratory passages |
| True or False: some simple columnar epithelium are ciliated? | True |
| True or False: most Pseudostratified columnar epithelium are ciliated? | True |
| What are the functions of Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium? | Protection, resists abrasion |
| What are the locations of Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium? | Lining of oral cavity, esophagus, vagina, and anal canal |
| True or False: Nonkeratinized stratified squamous remain alive? | True |
| What are the functions of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium? | Protection, resists abrasion, retards water loss |
| What are the locations of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium? | Epidermis of skin |
| True or False: keratinized stratified squamous are dead? | True |
| What are the functions of Stratified cuboidal epithelium? | Protection, secretion |
| What are the locations of Stratified cuboidal epithelium? | Lining of larger ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and pancreas |
| What are the functions of transitional epithelium? | Distensibility, protection |
| What are the locations of transitional epithelium? | Lining of urinary bladder and ureters and part of urethra |
| What are the functions of glandular epithelium? | Secretion |
| What are the locations of glandular epithelium? | Salivary glands, sweat glands, endocrine glands |
| What are the 2 forms of glandular epithelium? | unicellular or multicellular |
| True or Flase: some pseudostratified columnar epithelium don't reach free surfaces of cells? | True |
| What are the 3 categories of connective tissues? | connective tissue proper, fluid connective, and supporting connective |
| What are the main functions of all connective tissues? | bind structures together, provide support and protection, fill spaces, stores fat, and transports blood cells |
| What components make up most connective tissues? | ground substances, cells, and fibers |
| Where are most connective tissues scattered in abundance? | noncellular extracellular matrix |
| What are the 3 categories of fibers? | collagen, reticular, and elastic |
| describe collagen fibers | thick threads, most abundant, white in unstained tissues |
| describe reticular fibers | fine threads of highly branched collagen with glycoproteins |
| describe elastic fibers | form a complex network of a highly branched protein (elastin), spring-like and appearing yellow in unstained tissues |
| What are the subcategories of connective tissue proper? | loose and dense |
| What are the subcategories of loose connective tissue? | areolar, adipose, and reticular |
| What are the subcategories of dense connective tissue? | regular, irregular, and elastic |
| What are the subcategories of supporting connective tissue? | cartilage and bone |
| What are the subcategories of cartilage? | hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage |
| What are the subcategories of bone? | compact and spongy |
| What are the subcategories of fluid connective tissue? | blood |
| How are connective tissues classified? | matrix type |
| describe areolar connective tissue | cells in abundant fluid-gel matrix; loose arrangement of collagen and elastic fibers |
| what are the functions of areolar connective tissue? | loosely binds organs and holds tissue fluids |
| where are areolar connective tissues located? | around body organs; binds skin to deeper organs |
| describe adipose connective tissue | cells in sparse fluid-gel matrix and closely packed cells |
| what are the functions of adipose connective tissue? | protects, insulates, and stores fat |
| where is adipose connective tissue located? | hypodermis (subcutaneous layer); around kidneys and heart; yellow bone marrow; breasts |
| describe reticular connective tissue | cells in fluid-gel matrix made of reticular fibers |
| What is the function of reticular connective tissues? | supportive framework of organs |
| What are the locations of reticular connective tissues? | spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, red bone marrow |
| describe dense regular connective tissue | cells in fluid-gel matrix, parallel, has wavy collagen fibers, limited vascularity |
| what is the function of dense regular connective tissue? | tightly binds body parts |
| where are dense regular connective tissue located? | endons, ligaments |
| describe dense irregular connective tissue | cells in fluid-gel matrix, has random collagen fibers |
| what is the function of dense irregular connective tissue? | sustains tissue tension |
| what are the locations of dense irregular connective tissue? | dermis; heart valves; periosteum on bone |
| describe elastic connective tissue | cells in fluid-gel matrix, collagen fibers densely packed, has branched elastic fibers |
| what is the function of elastic connective tissue? | provides elastic quality |
| What are the locations of elastic connective tissue? | larger aretty walls; vocal cords; some ligaments between vertebrae |
| describe hyaline cartilage | cells in firm solid-gel matrix, has fine network of collagen fibers, appears glassy, avascular |
| what are the functions of hyaline cartilage? | supports, protects, provides framework |
| what are the locations of hyaline cartilage? | nasal septum; larynx; costal cartilage; ends of long bones; fetal skeleton |
| describe fibrocartilage | cells in firm solid-gel matrix, has abundant collagen fibers, avascular |
| what are the functions of fibrocartilage? | supports, protects, absorbs shock |
| what are the locations of fibrocartilage? | between vertebrae; between pubic bones; pads (meniscus) in knees |
| describe elastic cartilage | cells in firm solid-gel matrix, weblike elastic fibers, avascular |
| what are the functions of elastic cartilage? | supports, protects, provides flexible framework |
| what are the locations of elastic cartilage? | outer ear, epiglottis |
| describe bone | Cells in solid matrix; many collagen fibers; vascular |
| what are the functions of bone? | Supports; protects; provides framework; calcium storage |
| What are the locations of bone? | (compact) bone shafts; beneath periosteum; (spongy) within ends of long bones; inside flat and irregular bones |
| describe blood | Cells and platelets in fluid matrix called plasma |
| what are the functions of blood? | Transports nutrients, wastes, and gasses; defends against disease; clotting |
| what are the locations of blood? | lumens of blood vessels; heart chambers |
| What are included in the integumentary system? | skin, hair, nails, and skin glands |
| What is the function of the integumentary system? | provide protection, regulate body temperature, retard water loss, house sensory receptors, synthesize various glandular chemicals, and excrete small quantities of wastes |
| What are the 2 main layers of the skin? | Epidermis and dermis |
| What kinds of tissue is the dermis made of? | areolar connective tissue and dense irregular connective tissue |
| What kind of tissue is the epidermis made of? | areolar connective tissue |
| What is a subcategory of the dermis? | hypodermis |
| What kinds of tissue is the hypodermis made of? | adipose and areolar connective tissues |
| The hypodermis is a true layer of skin: T or F? | False |
| What are the accessory structures of the skin? | nails, hair follicles, and skin glands |
| What are the 2 components of hair? | papilla and follicle |
| What are the 2 components of a follicle? | arrector pili muscle and sebaceous glands |
| What are the 2 main sweat glands? | Merocrine and apocrine |
| Where are merocrine sweat glands located? | Most of body surface; ducts open onto body surface; abundant on forehead, palms, and soles of feet |
| What is the function of the merocrine sweat gland? | Provides evaporative cooling during exercise and stress; they serve secretory function for water, salt, and nitrogen wastes |
| Where are apocrine sweat glands located? | Concentrations in axillary and genital regions; facial hair of males; ducts open into hair follicles |
| What is the function of the apocrine sweat gland? | Secretions more viscous than merocrine; more active after puberty; have little influence on thermo-regulation; increased activity during pain and stress |
| What kind of sweat glands are associated with hair follicles? | sebaceous glands |
| What is the function of sebaceous sweat glands | Secretes oily sebum into hair follicle; helps keep skin surface and hair pliable; more active after puberty |
| What are the 2 types of modified sweat glands? | Ceruminous and mammary |
| Where are ceruminous sweat glands located? | External ear canal |
| What is the function of the ceruminous sweat glands? | Secretes cerumen (earwax); protects external ear canal |
| Where are the mammary sweat glands located? | within the breasts |
| What are the functions of the mammary sweat glands? | Produces breast milk during pregnancies; secretes milk during lactation into ducts that open on a nipple |
| Where is the Stratum corneum located? | Most superficial layer of skin |
| What is the function of the stratum corneum layer? | resists water loss, absorption, and abrasion |
| Describe stratum corneum | Many layers of keratinized, deep epithelial cells; appear scaly and flattened |
| When is the stratum lucidum present? | In thick skin only |
| Where is the stratum lucidum located? | Between stratum corneum and stratum granulosum on soles and palms of thick skin |
| Describe the stratum lucidum | Cells appear clear, nuclei, organelles, and plasma membranes no longer visible |
| Where is the stratum granulosum located? | Beneath the stratum corneum (or stratum lucidum of thick skin) |
| Describe the stratum granulosum | 3 - 5 layers of flattened granular cells; contain shrunken fibers of keratin and shriveled nuclei |
| Where is the stratum spinosum located? | Beneath the stratum granulosum |
| Describe the stratum spinosum | Many layers of cells with centrally located, large, oval nuclei; develop fibers of keratin; cells becoming flattened in superficial portion |
| Where is the stratum basale located? | Deepest layer |
| Describe the stratum basale | A single row of cuboidal or columnar cells; layer also includes melanocytes; frequent cell division; somes cells become parts of more superficial layers |
| What kinds of stratum composes the epidermis? | stratum corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, and basale |
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