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Exam 1-3

Genetics

TermDefinition
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid, genetic material
Proteins provide an organized structure
Chromatin DNA-protein complex in eukaryotes
Eukaryotes protists, fungi, plants, animals, membrane-bound nucleus, linear chromosomes, mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus
Prokaryotes bacteria, archaea, no nucleus, circular chromosomes, nucleoid present, nutrient uptake + waste excretion, rigid cell wall, may have outer membrane or flagellum
Mitochondria ATP synthesis
Lysosomes degradation of macromolecules
Golgi apparatus play role in protein modification + trafficking
Cytogenetics field of genetics that involves microscopic examination of chromosomes, detection of abnormal chromosomes, distinguish btwn 2 species
Karyotype organized representation of chromosomes within a cell from largest to smallest
Homologs members of a pair of chromosomes, nearly identical in size, same banding pattern, same genes, not the same alleles, <1% difference btwn them
Locus/Loci location of a gene on a chromosome
Sex chromosomes X, Y, not homologs, differ in size + genetic composition, short regions of similarity
Purpose of cell division? asexual reproduction + achieving multicellularity
Binary fission cell replicates chromosomes then splits into 2 identical daughter cells
G0 phase either postponed progression or decided to stop dividing
S phase chromosomes are replicated
G1 phase cell prepares to divide, committed to division
G2 phase cell accumulates materials necessary for nuclear + cellular division
Chromatids two copies of replicated chromosomes
Phases of Mitosis prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Interphase chromosomes decondense + replicate, centrosome divides
Mitotic Spindle microtubules formed by rapid polymerization of tubulin proteins
Aster Microtubules positioning of spindle apparatus
Polar Microtubules help "push" poles away from each other
Kinetochore Microtubules attach to kinetochore, bound to centromere of each individual chromosome
Prophase nuclear envelope dissociates, chromatids condense, centrosomes separate
Prometaphase centrosomes move to opposite ends of cell, forms spindle poles, spindle apparatus forms, kinetochore microtubules grow
Metaphase pairs of sister chromosomes align in the middle of the cell, each pair attached to poles by kinetochore microtubules
Anaphase connection btwn sister chromatids is broken, each chromosome linked to one pole, kinetochores shorten
Telophase chromosomes reach pole of cell + decondense, nuclear membrane separates two new nuclei
Cytokinesis splitting of cell into 2 new cells, animals=cleavage furrow, plants=cell plate
Meiosis sexual reproduction, produce offspring, parents have gametes with 1/2 amount of genetic material
Meiotic division Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Meiosis 1 chromosomes separate, forming 4 haploid daughter cells
Meiosis 2 similar to mitosis, but starts with only 1/2 amount of genetic content
Synapsis where homolog pairs line up w/in the cell
Homologous Recombination crossing over
Tetrad/Bivalent pair of sister chromatids
Isogamous produce gametes that are morphologically similar
Heterogamous produce gametes that are morphologically different, sperm/egg
Sister chromatids/ Dyads chromatids joined at a centromere
Centrosome attachment point of the mitotic spindle
Mitosis Outcome 2 genetically identically diploid cells
Haploid 1/2 amount of genetic material
Diploid Has full amount of genetic material
Meiosis Outcome 4 non-genetically identical haploid cells
Created by: carleisapp
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