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Exam 1-1
Genetics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Pangenesis | Hippocrates: "Seeds" produced by body, collected in reproductive organs, and transmitted to offspring at conception |
| Blending hypothesis | Factors that control hereditary traits are malleable + blend together |
| Hybridization | breeding btwn 2 inv w/different characteristics |
| Hybrids | Offspring of hybridization |
| Why garden pea? | several distinct varieties + easily crossable structure |
| Gamete | Gamete |
| Male gamete | sperm, pollen grains in anther |
| Female gamete | egg, ovule in ovary |
| Fertilization | when pollen grain lands on stigma, sperm enters + fuses w/egg cell |
| Self-fertilization | pollen + egg from same plant, natural process |
| Cross-fertilization | pollen + egg from different plants, requires moving/manipulating anther |
| Characters | observable characteristics |
| Trait/variant | specific properties of a character |
| True-breeding lines | plants that always produce progeny with the same traits when self-fertilized |
| empirical approach | quantitative analysis of crosses may provide mathematical relationships that govern hereditary traits |
| empirical laws | general findings from empirical approach |
| single-factor cross/monohybrid cross | crossing of two true-breeding variants of the same character |
| Mendel's Seven Characteristics | height, flower color, flower position, seed color, seed shape, pod color, pod shape |
| Characteristic- Height | tall/dwarf |
| Characteristic- Flower color | purple, white |
| Characteristic- Flower position | axial/terminal |
| Characteristic- Seed color | yellow/green |
| Characteristic- Seed shape | round/wrinkled |
| Characteristic- Pod color | green/yellow |
| Characteristic- Pod shape | smooth/constricted |
| dominant trait | Always shows over recessive, only needs 1, TT, Tt |
| recessive trait | needs two recessives to show, tt |
| particulate theory of inheritance | traits are inherited as discrete units (genes) that remain unchanged as they are passed from parent to offspring |
| law of segregation | two copies of a gene segregate from each other during the process that gives rise to gametes |
| genes | mendelian unit factors |
| alleles | different versions of the same gene |
| homozygous | inv w/2 identical alleles |
| heterozygous | inv w/2 different alleles |
| genotype | specific allelic composition of an inv |
| phenotype | observable traits of an inv |
| Punnett square | grid that helps predict the outcome of simple genetic crosses, created by Reginald Punnett |
| genotypic ratio | the ratio of the genotypes that appear in offspring |
| phenotypic ratio | the ratio of phenotypes produced by a cross |
| two-factor crosses | a cross in which an experimenter follows the outcome of two different traits |
| patterns of inheritance | linked + independent assortment |
| law of independent assortment | two different genes will randomly assort their genes during the process that gives rise to gametes |
| genetic recombination | when an offspring receives a combination of alleles that differs from the parental generation |
| loss-of-function alleles | defective copies of genes |
| pedigrees | family trees |
| pedigree analysis | used to determine the pattern of inheritance of traits in humans |
| cystic fibrosis (CF) | recessive disorder, 3% Caucasians are carriers, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein mutant causes ion abnormalities |
Created by:
carleisapp
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