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BIO 2273 Exam 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Right | toward the right side of the body |
| Left | towards the left side of the body |
| Superior | a structure above another |
| Inferior | a structure below another |
| Cephalic | closer to the head |
| Caudal | closer to the tail |
| What is Cephalic synonymous with? | superior |
| What is Caudal synonymous with? | inferior |
| Anterior | the front of the body |
| Posterior | the back of the body |
| Ventral | toward the belly |
| Dorsal | toward the back |
| What is Ventral synonymous with? | anterior |
| What is Dorsal synonymous with? | posterior |
| Proximal | closer to the point of attachment to the body than another structure |
| Distal | Farther from the point of attachment to the body than another structure |
| Lateral | away from the midline of the body |
| Medial | towards the middling of the body |
| Superficial | toward the surface |
| Deep | away from the surface |
| longitudinal cut | cut through the length |
| transverse | cut at a right angle to the length of the organ |
| oblique | cut made across the length of the organ at other than a right angle |
| what are the divisions of the dorsal body cavity? | cranial cavity and vertebral canal |
| cranial cavity houses what organs? | brain |
| vertebral canal houses what organs? | spinal cord |
| what are the divisions of the ventral body cavity? | thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity |
| what separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity? | the diaphragm |
| what are the subdivisions of the thoracic cavity? | pleural cavities and mediastinum |
| What are the subdivisions of the abdominopelvic cavity? | peritoneal and pelvic cavity |
| pleural cavities houses what organs? | lungs and surrounded by ribs |
| mediastinum houses what organs? | heart and its major blood vessels, thymus, trachea, and esophagus |
| peritoneal cavity houses what organs? | stomach, intestines, liver, and spleen |
| pelvic cavity | bladder, urethra, rectum of large intestine, and reproductive organs. |
| What are serous membranes | wall of the body cavities and surface of internal organs in contact with membranes |
| what are the subdivisions of serous membranes? | parietal and visceral |
| what is the parietal serous membrane? | the layer that lines the walls of the cavities |
| what is the visceral serous memebrane? | the layer covering the internal organs |
| list the serous membranes named for the cavity and organs they are in contact with | pericardial cavity, pleura, and peritoneal |
| What does the pericardial cavity serous membrane surround? | the heart and contains pericardial fluid |
| what does the pleura serous membrane surround? | lungs and lines the thoracic cavity and contains pleural fluid |
| what does the peritoneal serous membrane surround? | abdominal organs and lines the abdominopelvic cavity and contains peritoneal cavity |
| what is the mesentery? | a double folded sheet of visceral peritoneum that attaches the digestive organs and certain points to the posterior abdominopelvic wall |
| what is the retroperitoneal and where is it located? | located behind the peritoneum, it is organs or parts of organs that only have peritoneum on their peritoneal cavity side. |
| What are the 6 characteristics of life? | organization, metabolism, responsiveness, growth, development, and reproduction |
| what is differentiation? | involves changes in a cell’s structure and function from a generalized state to a specialized state. |
| what is morphogenesis? | the change in shape of tissues, organs, and the entire organism |
| What are the level of organizations of the body? | chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism |
| What are the components of a feedback loop? | receptor, control center, effector |
| What are the 3 major planes of the body? | Sagittal, transverse, and coronal |
| What is the sagittal plane? | divides the body into right and left portions |
| What is a median plane? | sagittal plane down the midline of the body |
| what is the transverse plane? | divides the body into superior and inferior sections |
| what is the coronal plane? | divides the body into anterior and posterior sections |
| What are the 2 most important organ systems? | nervous and endocrine |
| What are the 11 organ systems? | integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive |
| what are the major components of the integumentary system? | Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands |
| What are the primary functions of the integumentary system? | Protection, temperature regulation, prevents water loss, makes vitamin D |
| What are the major components of the skeletal system? | Bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints |
| What are the primary functions of the skeletal system? | Protection, support, body movements, blood cell production, storage |
| What are the major components of the muscular system? | Muscles attached to skeleton by tendons |
| What are the primary functions of the muscular system? | Produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat |
| What are the major components of the nervous system? | Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors |
| What are the primary functions of the nervous system? | detects sensations, controls movements and processes, performs intellectual functions |
| What are the major components of the endocrine system? | Glands that secrete hormones |
| What are the primary functions of the endocrine system? | Influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions |
| What are the major components of the cardiovascular system? | Heart, blood vessels, and blood |
| What are the primary functions of the cardiovascular system? | Transports nutrients, wastes, gases, water, hormones; involved in immune response; temperature regulation |
| What are the major components of the lymphatic system? | Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs |
| What are the primary functions of the lymphatic system? | Removes foreign substances from blood and lymph, combats disease, absorbs fats, maintains fluid balance |
| What are the major components of the respiratory system? | Lungs and respiratory passageways |
| What are the primary functions of the respiratory system? | Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air, and regulates blood pH |
| What are the major components of the digestive system? | Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory glands |
| What are the primary functions of the digestive system? | Mechanical and chemical digestion, nutrient absorption, waste elimination |
| What are the major components of the urinary system? | Kidney, urinary bladder, ureters, urethra |
| What are the primary functions of the urinary system? | Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance |
| What are the major components of the reproductive system in males? | testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penis |
| What are the major components of the reproductive system in females? | ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, and associated structures |
| What are the primary functions of the reproductive system in males? | produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors |
| What are the primary functions of the reproductive system in females? | Produces gametes and hormones for sexual function, allows fertilization; (female) houses and maintains developing fetus and produces milk |
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jannawhite2998
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