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VET140- Microbiology
Gram Negative Organisms Pt. 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Brucella | small coccobacilli, Ziehl-Neelsen positive, aerobic and capnophilic, fastidious (blood or serum), non-motile, catalase (+), stable in environment, affect reproductive organs. |
| B. abortus in Cows | bacteria in cows that causes abortion storms in 5th month of gestation. Cows will have infection in mammary glands and lymph nodes, passes for years in milk. |
| B. abortus in Bulls | bacteria in bulls that targets testicles, epididymis, seminal vesicles, and ampullae. Causes necrotizing orchitis, testicular degeneration, and infertility. |
| Bovine Brucellosis (Dx) | Dx: Hx, bacterial cell agglutination with antiserum, serological tests, molecular tests (PCR), recovery of MZN (+) coccobacilli from cotyledons, fetal abomasal contents, uterine discharge. |
| National Eradication Programs | program that detects and slaughters infected cattle. 3 vaccines are used in cattle |
| Caprine & Ovine Brucellosis | caused by Brucellosis melitensis. Goats have more severe dz +susceptible. Dx: MZN-stained organisms, isolation and identification, test and slaughter programs in non-endemic countries. Can vaccine with MLV B. melitensis. |
| Human Brucellosis/Undulant Fever | caused by Brucellosis strains in humans. Transmissed by infection secretions and excretions. skin abrasions, ingestion, raw milk. CS: fluctuating fever, malaise, muscle pain, abortion NOT in humans, osteomyelitis is most common complain. |
| K9 Brucellosis | caused by Brucellosis canis, difficult to dz, permanently in the rough form. CS: abortions in females, decreased fertility, reduced litter size, neonate death, and orchitis/epididymitis in males. Control by testing/removing from breeding. |
| Campylobacter species | slender curved rods in gull-winged shapes and spiral forms, motile, oxidase (+). Is part of the commensals of the intestinal and sometimes reproductive tracts. |
| C. fetus subsp. venerealis | cause of Bovine Genital Campylobacteriosis. Transmitted during coitus to susceptible animals from asymptomatic carriers. Causes infertility/abortions, 1/3 become carriers, organism found in vagina, |
| Ovine Genital Campylobacteriosis | caused by C. fetus subsp. fetus or C. jejuni. CS: bacteremia in uterus, fecal-oral transmission, liver lesions in aborted lambs, necrotic placentitis, stillborn. |
| C. jejuni in K9's | bacteria in K9's that are normal intestinal flora but can cause infection with high numbers. Concurrent infection with enteric viruses, Giardia, or parasites increases severity. Source of human infections. |
| C. jejuni in Humans | bacteria in humans that is a zoonotic infection. Causes: fever, abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea, is a major health concern for antimicrobial resistance to fluroquinolones and macrolide abx. C. coli & C. lari - Sometimes implicated with enteric infection |
| Spirochaetes | spiral or helical bacteria, endoflagella, stain poorly. Difficult to grow in culture, need dark field microscopy. |
| Leptospira species | species that can affect all domestic animals and humans, range from mild urinary/genital tract infections to serious systemic disease. Are fragile organisms and transmitted by direct contact of wildlife urine. |
| Leptospira (CS + Dx) | CS: ranges from fever, icterus, hemoglobinuria, renal failure, infertility, abortion, death. Dx: hx, CS, isolation of organism (hard because of fastidiousness), Antibody titers, FA procedures, serological tests (ELISA). |
| Leptospira in cattle and sheep | organism in cattle and sheep that causes pyrexia, agalactia, abortions, and still births in dairy heifers. Need to vaccinate. |
| Leptospira in horses | organism in horses that causes abortion, renal disease, intraocular inflammation (Moon blindness). Caused by L. interrogans serovar pomona |
| Leptospira in Pigs | organism in pigs that causes fatal disease in young pigs, abortions and stillbirths. Need to vaccinate. |
| Leptospira in Dogs + Cats | this organism is uncommon in cats. It can cause severe renal disease in pups and adult dogs. Need to vaccinate since it is zoonotic. |
| Borrelia | longer and wider than other spirochetes, causes disease in animals and humans, subclinical infections also present, transmitted by ticks (Ixodes scapularis), has 9 genomic groups |
| Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato | causes Lyme Disease, discovered in Connecticut in 1975, affects humans/dogs/horses/cattle/sheep, ticks only competent vector. Organism becomes blood-borne in host, multiplies, disseminated throughout body. |
| Borrelia burgdorferi (Dx and control) | Dx: hard to confirm due to low numbers of organisms in specimens, ELISA and IFA, culture from infected animals. Control: tick prevention, clear out tick habitat, vaccines, antimicrobial therapy; tetracyclines for 4 weeks. |
| Bovine Borreliosis | caused by the spirochaete Borrelia theileri, carried by Lone Star Tick, associated with human disease such as Tick-associated rash infection and Masters' disease. Causes relapsing fever. |
| Avian Spirochetosis | caused by the spirochaete Borrelia anserina, tick borne disease of chickens/turkeys/pheasants/sucks, caused by Argas sp. Ticks (soft ticks). Causes fever, anemia, wt loss, paralysis, immunity following recovery. Control with vaccines and tick control. |
| Brachyspira | anaerobic spirochete that causes the intestinal disease in pigs called Swine Dysentry. Carrier pigs shed for up to 3 months, is from contaminated feces. Rodents and flies are transport hosts. Affects grower/finisher pigs. |
| Brachyspira pilosicoli | the primary cause of human and K9 intestinal spirochetosis, causes microvillous effacement of cecum and colon. Prevent/control: Lincomycin, tylosin, erythromycin, bacitracin gentamicin, tiamulin as prophylaxis or treatment. |
| Treponema sp. | digital dermatitis in cattle and contagious ovine digital dermatitis of sheep. |
| Pathogenic Anaerobic Non-Spore Forming Gram(-) Bacteria | gram negative straight or curved rods with beads on end or long filament. Is anaerobic, limited survival in environment, commensals on mucosal surfaces particularly in alimentary tract in people and animals, opportunistic, synergistic. |
| Calf Diptheria | dz caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum, causes laryngitis and pharyngitis in calves under 3 months and caused by ingestion of coarse feed. CS: fever, anorexia, drooling, foul breath, fatal if untreated. |
| Bovine Liver Abscess | dz caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum and Arcanobacterium pyogenes. Happens in feedlot cattle and causes rumenitis and ulcers. Rare clinical signs and is often only seen after slaughter. |
| Ovine Footrot | dz caused by Dichelobacter nodosus. Causes a rapid onset of severe lameness from interdigital dermatitis, affects 30% of sheep. Promoted by warm/wet conditions. Trim feet to prevent. CS: recumbent, not eating, wt loss, less milk, reduced fertility. |
| Equine Thrush | dz caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum in equines. Caused: poor hygiene, wet conditions. Causes hoof damage and foul smelling discharge. Prevent by dry clean stables and exercising. |
| Mycoplasma species | smallest free-living prokaryotic microorganism. Triple-layered limiting membrane but no cell walls. Do not gram stain. Facultative anaerobes, comes from MM, do not replicate in environment, susceptible to heat, resistant to abx that affect the cell wall. |
| Mycoplasma (Dx) | Dx: enriched media, colonies have "fried egg" appearance, immunological tests- fluorescent antibody, rapid plate agglutination tests. |
| Mycoplasma Virulence | -adheres to host cells causing toxic damage to mucosal surface cells. -extreme age, stress, and concurrent infections predispose. -exacerbate dz initiated by other pathogens in respiratory tract. -significant economic respiratory dz in livestock |
| Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae | causes Enzootic Pneumonia of Swine- economically important dz worldwide, caused by intensive housing/poor ventilation/temp, treated with tylosin/tiamulin, control by specific pathogen free herds. |
| Haemobartonella | Hemotrophic Mycoplasma that is wall-less, attached and grows on RBCs, susceptible to tetracyclines, transmitted by arthropods, causes an autoimmune like reaction leading to anemia (FIA). |
| Mycoplasma haemocanis (Haemobartonella canis) | causes Canine Hemobartonellosis (infectious anemia of K9s). Infection is usually not important unless activated by splenectomy/immune suppression/etc. Has rapid anemia followed by death. Transmits through tick bite wounds/bite wounds. |
| Mycoplasma haemofelis (Haemobartonella felis) | causes Feline Infectious Anemia (FIA), is found worldwide, common in feral cats less than 3 yrs, transmitted from bite wounds/biting arthropods. Dx: PCR, direct smear, + Coomb's test. Tx: tetracyclines/blood transfusion. |
| Chlamydophila species | spherical obligate intracellular bacteria w/ an unusual development cycle during which unique infectious forms develop. Unable to synthesize ATP and dependent on host metabolism. Only replicate in cytoplasmic vacuoles of living host cells. |
| Chlamydophila characteristics | -Targets GI tract -often subclinical and persistent -fecal shedding is prolonged and intermittent with time -EBs survive in environment for many days -interspecies transmission is uncommon -can go from sheep to pregnant women. |
| Chlamydophila felis | causes Feline Pneumonitis, causes conjunctivitis, is part of a feline non-core vaccine. |
| Chlamydophila psittaci | causes in birds: pneumonia, diarrhea, conjunctivitis, etc. causes in humans: Psittacosis, "parrot fever," is reportable. Dx: Stained impression smears with modified Ziehl-Neelsen and Giemsa; serology; antigen detection; PCR. |
| Bartonella | aerobic, gram (-) bacilli, slow culture growth, intracellular, infection source can be mammalian/vector/blood transfusion, common intravascular microflora in cats, is zoonotic (Cat Scratch Fever caused by B. clarridgeiae or B. henselae). |
| Rickettsiales Rickettsiaceae and Anaplasmataceae | minute pleomorphic bacteria, Giemsa or Leishman stains are used, has specific culture requirements, obligate intracellular pathogens that replicate only in host cells, most survive only briefly in environment, require invertebrate vector. |
| Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) | obligate intracellular pathogen producing endospore-like forms, aerosol transmission, localizes in female repro tract and mammary glands. CS: influenza in humans and abortions in ruminants. Dx: serology, PCR. control by careful disposal of birth products. |
| Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever | caused by Rickettsia rickettsia, targets macrophages/leukocytes/endothelial cells, humans and dogs are hosts, vector is ticks, can be fatal if untreated. |
| Potomac Horse Fever | dz caused by Neorickettsia risticci, host is horses, vector is flukes, occurs in low lying regions w/ standing water, mortality 5-30%, vaccs is available but unreliable. CS: acute diarrhea in east coast, mild colic, anorexia, leukopenia, rare abortion. |
| Salmon Poisoning Disease | caused by Neorickettsia helminthoeca, found in Pacific NW areas in dogs eating raw salmon infected w/ flukes. Mortality is 50-90%, recovered animals are immune, can also affect bears. Dx: fluke eggs in fecal, antigen/genetic analyses. Tx: tetracycline |
| Wolbachia | rickettsial, inhabit multiple nematode species in symbiotic relationship. (Dicrofilaria immitis "Heartworm"). When Wolbachia is not present, female heartworm cannot reproduce. Tx: Doxycycline 10mg/kg BID x 4 weeks. |
| Ehrlichia canis | causes Canine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis, vector is Rhipcephalus sanguineus (brown dog tick), acute after 8-20 day incubation, subclinical 2-4 months. Dx: serum antibodies, indirect immunofluorescence assay. Tx: tetracyclines. Prevent by tick control. |
| Anaplasma bovis | causes subtropic to tropic disease of cattle and sheep, anemia, wt loss, and occ abortion and death. Lifelong carriers if they survive. |
| Anaplasma caudatum | causes US Bovine Anaplasmosis. Incubation is 3-5 wks, CS take 2 or more weeks. Convalescence 4-8 weeks. Causes Hematopoesis |
| Anaplasma centrale | Anaplasma that causes a subclinnical carrier state with occ. dz (fever and anemia). |
| Anaplasma marginale | previously called Babesia, primary cause of US anaplasmosis, vectors are ticks and flies and sometimes contaminated intruments. Found in Southern areas. CS: fever, wt loss, decreased fertility. Affects cattle less than 36 months, mortality 30-50% |
| Anaplasma phagocytophilum | this affects humans, ruminants, horses, and dogs. Infects bone marrow and derived cells in morulae. Vectors are oxides ticks. White tail deer and white footed mice maybe reservoirs |
| Equine Granulocytic ehrlichiosis | disease caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum, infectious but not contagious, occurs in late fall/winter/spring, generally self-limiting. Dx: inclusion bodies on blood smear. Tx: oxytetracycline. |
| Anaplasma phagocytophilum in humans | this bacteria in humans causes Acute/Fatal Febrile Syndrome. Causes myalgia, arthralgia, headaches, malaise, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, dogs have similar signs. |
| Anaplasma phagocytophilum in ruminants | bacteria in ruminants transmitted by ticks w/ a 2 wk incubation period. Causes tick borne fever, anorexia, decreased milk, failure to thrive, sometimes abortion. Dx: seeing organism in neutrophils. |
| Myalgia | pain in a muscle/group of muscles. |
| Arthralgia | pain in a joint |
| Malaise | a general feeling of discomfort, illness, or uneasiness whose exact cause is difficult to identify. |
| Leukopenia | a reduction in the number of white cells in the blood, typical of various diseases. |
| Thrombocytopenia | deficiency of platelets in the blood. Causes bleeding into itssues, bruising,, and slow blood clotting after injury. |
| -algia, -algesia | suffix meaning pain. |
| Pyrexia | raised body temperature; fever. |
| Agalactia | absence/failure of milk secretion. |
Created by:
Riley.Scherf
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