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Biology - Unit One
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| How old is Earth? | 4.6 Billion Years Old |
| Early Earth Conditions: | Volcanic, Lightning, Hot, No Cells, No OZONE Layer |
| Chemical Evolution | the increase in complexity of chemicals that led to the first cells. |
| Life only comes from: | Life |
| What moves the continents? | Plate Techtonics |
| Most Famous Supercontinent | Pangea |
| When did the continents get to their current position? | 220 Million YA |
| Primitive Atmosphere Consisted of: | Water vapor (H2O) Nitrogen (N2) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) small amounts of Hydrogen (H2) Carbon Monoxide (CO) |
| After Earth's temperature cooled, it rained for almost... | 100 Million Years |
| Who's experiment showed that gasses in the primitive atmosphere reacted with one another to produce small organic molecules | Stanly Miller (and Urey) |
| Organic Molecule | Must have Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen |
| What did Miller find in his soup of inorganic material? | Amino Acids (organic!) |
| Timeline of Cell Evolution | Inorganic Gasses -> Amino Acid -> Protein -> Protocell -> Prokaryotic Cell (Bacteria) |
| Protein First Hypothesis | Amino Acids polymerized (came together) to form a protein, using energy from the sun. |
| Clay Hypothesis | Amino Acids polymerized (came together) to form a protein, using radioactive material in the clay. |
| Is RNA stable? | NO |
| Does RNA break down fast or slowly? | Fast |
| RNA First Hypothesis | RNA was the first genetic material, because it is self-replicating |
| Protocells | Precursors to real cells, just a membrane with RNA, don't exist anymore on Earth |
| All life today shares... | A common ancestor |
| All life started in... | Water |
| First real cells were... | Prokaryotic Cells (bacteria) with no nucleus |
| Were prokaryotic cells aerobic or anaerobic | anerobic |
| Anerobic Definition | Not using oxygen |
| When were anerobic and photosynthetic prokaryotic cells present? | 3.8 BYA |
| Photosynthetic Definition | Using the sun's nutrients |
| Prokaryotic cells began pumping out... | oxygen (O2) and (O3 - OZONE) |
| Oxidizing Atmosphere started | 2 BYA |
| Extinction of Anaerobic cells -> | Rise of Aerobic Prokaryotic Cells |
| Evolution of Eukaryotic Cells | 1.5 BYA |
| Eukaryotic | organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles |
| Endosymbiotic Hypothesis | One prokaryotic cell eats another, the one that gets eaten becomes mitochondria or chloroplasts inside the other |
| Evidence for Endosymbiotic Hypothesis | Mitochondria are same size as prokaryotic cells, they have their own DNA, and they have a double membrane |
| Multicellular organisms are... | stronger and more efficient (cells specialize) than single-cellular beings |
| First multicellular being: | Sea Sponge |
| Cambrian Period | Invertebrates, Insects |
| Devonian Period | Fish (cartilaginous then bony), development of jaw, amphibians |
| Mesozoic Era | Reptiles, Jurassic Period (Dinos) |
| The meteor that caused the Jurassic extinction happened | 600 million YA |
| The only species of dino that survived evolved to be | Birds |
| Fossils Definition | A physical remain of ancient life |
| Relative Dating | position in the rock layers, doesn’t give you quantitative data (not super helpful) |
| Absolute Dating | uses half lives to determine quantitative data (helpful!!!!!!) |
| Isotope Definition | Has a different amount of neutrons |
| Order of Living Things: | Bacteria -> Single Celled Organisms -> Multi Celled Organisms -> Sponges -> Invertebrates -> Insects -> Sharks and Rays -> Bony Fish -> Amphibians -> Reptiles -> Mammals |
| Pre-Darwinian View: | The Earth is young, Species created by god, Species are born perfectly adapted |
| Darwin's Voyage on the HMS Beagle lasted how long? | 5 Years |
| Carolus Linnaeus | The man who came up with the binomial naming system of species |
| Binomial Naming System | First word in name is the Genus, second word is the Species |
| Jean-Babtiste Lamark | First person that Darwin read about that said “organisms change over time and adapt to their environments” |
| What did Lamark get wrong? | he thought that organisms change and acquire new adaptations during their lifetime and pass them on to their offspring |
| Had DNA been discovered during Darwin's time? | No |
| Lyell | Geologist who came up with a theory called “Uniformitarianism”, basically saying that Earth was way older than people originally thought |
| Malthus | Stated that there were a finite number of resources, so the population can’t exceed a certain amount (Carrying Capacity) |
| Galapagos Islands | A group of many different volcanic islands, home to species found nowhere else in the World |
| What did Darwin do with the finches he found on the Galapagos? | he brought them to a bird scientist who told them they were all the same species, so he then divided them up by what they ate and where they lived, and found out that birds who ate plants had a different shaped beak. |
| Natural Selection | A mechanism by which evolution happens, that says that the strongest survive and pass on the most useful traits |
| Formula of Natural Selection | Heritable Trait (something that you pass on) + Variation in a population (everyone can’t be the same) + Selective Pressure (does the killing) + Differential Survival and Reproduction (some die, some live; those who live must reproduce) = Natural Selection |
| Does evolution have to happen from natural selection? | No |
| Does natural selection decrease or increase the variation in a population? | Decrease |
| When unable to adapt, species become... | extinct |
| Darwinian/Reproductive Fitness | How many babies you’ve had/How many times you’ve passed on your genes |
| Artificial Selection | Humans picking traits rather than nature |
| What kind of evidence did Darwin use? | Fossil Evidence |
| Anatomical Evidence | Organisms have anatomical (bone, muscle, etc.) similarities when they are closely related because of common descent |
| Homologous Structures | same structure different function, inherited from a common ancestor |
| Analogous structures | same function different structure, inherited from unique ancestors and have come to resemble each other because they serve a similar function |
| Vestigial Structures | remains of a structure that was functional in some ancestors but is no longer functional in the organism in question (appendix in humans) |
| Embryological Evidence - | We all look the same/similar as embryos, due to common ancestry |
| Biochemical Evidence - | Humans and animal DNA are similar, proving common ancestry |
| Chromosomes are made up of... | DNA and proteins, coiled together |
| How many chromosomes do humans have? | 46, or 23 pairs |
| Gene (locus) | A region of DNA that codes for a protein |
| How many genes do humans have? | Around 19,000 |
| Allele | A version of a gene |
| Two of the same dominant alleles: | Homozygous Dominant (Ho-D) |
| Two of the same recessive alleles: | Homozygous Recessive (Ho-R) |
| One dominant and one recessive allele: | Heterozygous (He) |
| Phenotype | Physical Traits |
| Genotype | Allele Traits |
| Many traits come from how many genes? | Hundreds |
| Population Genetics | Extensive genetic variation within a population |
| Gene Pool | All alleles at all gene loci in all individuals of the population |
| Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (1908) | The assumption that allele frequencies do not change in a population |
| What assumptions would have to be true for the HW Equilibrium to make sense? | Very large population size No migration No mutations Random mating No natural selection |
| Is the HW Equilibrium valid? | No, because these conditions are rarely met in a natural setting |
| Hardy-Weinberg Equations: | p + q = 1 p2 +2pq +q2 = 1 |
| What variable do you always find first? | q2 |
| Microevolution | Change in allele frequencies (focuses on only one gene) |
| Genetic Drift | Change in a population’s allele frequencies due to change, (SMALL POPULATIONS ONLY) |
| Gene Flow | Genetic exchange due to migration |
| Mutation | Random good and bad changes in DNA |
| What are two population shrinkers? | The bottleneck effect and the founder effect |
| Bottleneck Effect | Wipes out a bunch of individuals, decreases genetic variability in the population (certain alleles are lost), due to natural disaster or other random event |
| Founder Effect | When a small group branches off to form a new population, rare alleles occur at high frequencies in the isolated population, since they all reproduce with one another |
| Most human traits lie on a... | Bell Curve |
| Stabilizing Selection | Eliminates individuals at the extreme ends (favors common intermediates) |
| Diversifying Selection | Favors the two extremes, rather than the intermediates |
| Directional Selection | Shifts overall curve for favoring one extreme |
| Macroevolution is the same as... | Speciation |
| Speciation | The evolution of a new species |
| Biological Species Concept | Defines a species as a population whose members have the potential to interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring |
| In order for speciation to occur, you must have a... | Reproductive Barrier |
| Reproductive Barrier | Stops individuals from having sex and producing viable, fertile offspring |
| How many cells are in a zygote? | One |
| Prezygotic | Before Sex |
| Habitat Isolation | A reproductive barrier that occurs when species are in different habitats or areas |
| Behavioral Isolation | A reproductive barrier that occurs when signals used to attract mates don't match up |
| Temporal Isolation | A reproductive barrier that occurs when timing of mating is not aligned |
| Mechanical Isolation | A reproductive barrier that occurs when the "parts" of a male and female don't fit together |
| Gametic Isolation | A reproductive barrier that occurs when gametes don't match up, and therefore fertilization cannot occur |
| What are egg and sperm classified as? | Gametes |
| Postzygotic | After fertilization has occurred |
| What happens to a hybrid when impacted by a postzygotic barrier? | Hybrid animals are unable to grow into viable, fertile adults |
| Reduced Hybrid Fertility | A postzygotic barrier that causes the hybrid animal to be sterile, therefore not able to reproduce |
| Hybrid Breakdown | A postzygotic barrier that allows the hybrid animal to be fertile, however, if the hybrid breeds with another hybrid, their offspring may die or grow to be infertile |
| Allopatric Speciation | Speciation that occurs when a population is separated geographically |
| Sympatric Speciation | Speciation that occurs when there is no geographical separation, but there is a reproductive barrier which leads to speciation within the population |
| Adaptive Radiation | When one species transforms into multiple (not just one) new species |
| How did the speciation of Finches on the Galapagos that Darwin studied occur? | Adaptive Radiation |
| Punctuated Equilibrium | When evolution occurs in a short burst of change, with long periods of no change following it |
| Gradualism | When evolution occurs as a slow and steady change over time |
| 3 Main Domains: | Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria |
| What domain are humans in? | Eukarya |
| 4 Kingdoms in Domain Eukarya | Animals, Fungi, Plants, Protists |
| What are protists? | Algae, Amoebas |
| Dr. King Philip Came Over For Great Sex! | Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
| What does each branch point represent on a cladogram/phylogenetic tree? | the divergence of 2 species from a common ancestor |
| What is a clade? | Each evolutionary branch on a cladogram |
| Parsimony | Least number of hashmarks/simplest explanation is considered "most correct" phylogenetic tree |
| Sexual Reproduction - | Intermixing of gametes that create new variation |
| How much of a baby is egg and how much is sperm? | 50% egg, 50% sperm |
| Asexual Reproduction - | Reproducing by making exact clones of yourself, very little variation |
| Downsides of Sex: | Time Consuming, Risky, Less Offspring than Asexual, Males only make sperm and can't produce offspring |
| Sexual Dimorphism | Differences between males and females |
| Secondary Sexual Characteristics | Used to attract a mate, not for actual sexual reproduction |
| Muscles and strong jaw indicate... | High levels of testosterone |
| Large breasts and wide hips indicate... | High levels of estrogen |
| Any trait in only one gender is used for... | Sexual Selection |
| Who came up with the theory of sexual selection? | Darwin |
| 2 types of sexual selection | Intrasexual Selection and Intersexual Selection |
| Intrasexual Selection | Direct competition among individuals of one sex, Males fight for females, Females have no say, All females live in a territory with one male and are protected, male gets to have sex with them whenever he wants |
| Intersexual Selection | Female Mate choice, Individuals of one sex (usually females) are choosy in selecting a male, Secondary sexual characteristics show females that males have “good genes” |
| Red Queen Theory | You can never stop evolving, or your species becomes at risk |
Created by:
mayakarlov
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