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AP Bio
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Independent Variable | what is changed |
| Dependent Variable | what changes due to the ind. variable; you do not change this; MESURED |
| Constant/Control Variables | stays constant throughout; if not held constant, it may be an independent variable |
| Control Group | No ind. variable |
| Experimental Group | Receives the ind. variable |
| Why is the Control Group important? | Allows you to compare the experimental group results against something; the experiment that is experiencing normal/standard conditions OR is NOT experiencing the independent variable. ALLOWS YOU TO DEVIDE IF CORRELATION = CAUSATION |
| Control Group | The group that does NOT have the ind. variable and allows you to decide IF the independent variable is causing the measured results/changes that you see. |
| Correlation | A measure of the extent to which two variables are related. A correlation DOES NOT automatically mean that the change in one variable is the cause of the change in the values of the other variable. |
| Causation | Indicates that one event is the result of the occurrence of the other event; casual relationship; cause and effect. |
| Positive Control | A group in an experiment that receives a treatment with a known result, and therefore should show a particular change during the experiment. |
| Negative Control | A group in which no respond is expected. |
| Elements of Life | 98% of the mass of every living organism is composed of the 6 elements: Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Phosphorus, Nitrogen, and Sulfur. |
| Properties of Atoms | Physical and chemical (reactive) properties depend on Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons. |
| Different # of Electron | An Ion (cation or anion) |
| Different # of Protons | Different Element |
| Atomic Mass | Mass of the Nucleus (Protons + Neutrons); atomic mass is an average of all the isotopes and their frequency |
| Different # of Neutrons | Isotope |
| Electrons! | Found in shells that orbit the nucleus; valence shell = outermost energy level; valence electrons = outermost electrons |
| Atom's Valence | What an atom needs to be stable (different than valence shell) |
| Atoms | Typically interact to form molecules! Link together by forming chemical bonds: covalent bond, hydrogen bond, ionic bond) |
| Covalent Bond | Bond that consists of shared pairs of electrons; between two nonmetals |
| Electronegativity | An atom's tendency to attract an electron. Causes unequal sharing. If the difference is 0.5 or less, they share electrons equally, and if the difference is greater than 0.5, the share is unequal. |
| Nonpolar Covalent Bond | Even sharing of electrons (e.x. Methane) C-H is nonpolar |
| Polar Covalent Bond | Unequal sharing of electrons (e.x. Water) |
| Carbon and Oxygen Bonds are Polar | |
| Hydrogen Bonding | intermolecular forces between H-FON |
| Ionic Bond | Bond between metal and nonmetal; complete transfer of electrons |
| Non-Polar Covalent | Less than 0.5 electronegativity |
| Polar Covalent | 0.5 to 2.1 electronegativity |
| Ionic Bond | Greater than 2.1 electronegativity |
| Water Properties | Due to water's polarity and hydrogen bonding. |
| Water's Unique Properties | Cohesive/Adhesive Behavior Capillary Action (Transpiration) Surface Tension High Specific Heat Evaporative Cooling (high heat of vaporization) Expansion Upon Freezing Versatility as a Solvent |
| Cohesion | Attraction between the same substance (helps transport water against gravity in plants) |
| Adhesion | Attraction between different substances (e.x. between water and plant cell walls) |
| Transpiration | When a plant is losing water |
| Capillary Action | When Cohesion and Adhesion help move water up a plant when it is undergoing Transpiration |
| Surface Tension | Measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid; strong in water due to cohesion |
| CER | Claim, Evidence, Reasoning |
| Ice Floating | Hydrogen bonds in ice are more "ordered," making ice less dense. If ice sank, all bodies of water on Earth would eventually freeze. |
| Specific Heat | The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substance to change its temperature by 1 C. |
| Water's High Specific Heat | Specific heat is 1 cal/g/C; can be traced to its hydrogen bonding; minimizes fluctuations in temperature, climate/weather |
| Evaporative Cooling | Heat of vaporization is the heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g to be converted to gas. As a liquid evaporates, its remaining surface cools; HOTTEST MOLECULES MOST LIKELY TO LEAVE AS GAS, LEAVING BEHIND COOLER UNITS. |
| Solvent | Dissolving agent of a solution |
| Solute | Substance that is dissolved |
| Aqueous Solution | Solution with water as the solvent |
| Ion-Dipole Interaction | type of IMF; partial charges of water attracted to full charges |
| P-Values | <0.05, statistically significant difference, >0.05 there is NOT a statistically significant difference |
| Hydrophilic | Affinity for water (polar) |
| Hydrophobic | No affinity for water (nonpolar) |
| Buffers | substances that minimize changes in concentrations of H and OH in a solution; most consist of an acid-base pair that reversibly combines with H |
| Carbonic Acid | buffer found in blood |
| Organic Chemistry | Study of carbon molecules, focuses on any molecule with carbon and hydrogen |
| Hydrocarbons | Organic molecules that consist of only Carbon and Hydrogen; Hydrophobic; Nonpolar |
| Isomer | Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different chemical properties |
| STRUCTURE DETERMINES FUNCTION | |
| Structural Isomer | same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangement of atoms (connectivity) |
| Stereoisomers | same connectivity but are arranged differently in space |
| Stereoisomer | usually one is biologically active, the other is inactive |
| Functional Groups | components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions. Number and arrangement give each molecule its unique properties. |
| Hydroxyl | -OH; polar; form hydrogen bonds w water; many biological molecules |
| Carbonyl | Ketone (middle) and Aldehyde (end); C = O; Polar; form hydrogen bonds w water; found in sugars |
| Carboxyl | -COOH; -C=O and -OH; acidic properties; acetic acid; found in amino acids |
| Amino | -NH2; acts as a base; glycine; found in amino acids |
| Sulfhydryl | -SH; two sulfhydryl groups can react, forming a covalent bond, known as cross-linking and helps stabilize proteins; cysteine; found in amino acids |
| Phosphate | P surrounded by 4 O; has potential to react, releasing energy; contributes to polarity; phospholipid; found in ATP and phospholipid bilayer |
Created by:
johnmkim2005
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