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Test Biology
Flashcard from a biological dictionnary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| acetylcholine (ACh) | (ass-ih-teel-KOH-leen) a neurotransmitter released by pre- and postganglionic parasympathetic neurons, preganglionic sympathetic neurons, somatic neurons, and some CNS neurons |
| acetylcholinesterase | (ass-ih-teelkoh-lin-ES-ter-ase) enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine into acetic acid and choline |
| acid | molecule capable of releasing a hydrogen ion, solution having an H_ concentration greater than that of pure water (that is, pH less than 7), see also strong acid, weak acid |
| acidity | concentration of free, unbound hydrogen ion in a solution, the higher the H_ concentration, the greater the acidity |
| acidosis | (ass-ih-DOH-sis) any situation in which arterial H_ concentration is elevated above normal resting levels, see also metabolic acidosis, respiratory acidosis |
| acrosome (AK-roh-sohm) | cytoplasmic vesicle containing digestive enzymes and located at head of a sperm |
| actin (AK-tin) | globular contractile protein to which myosin cross bridges bind, located in muscle thin filaments and in microfilaments of cytoskeleton |
| action potential | electric signal propagated by nerve and muscle cells, an all-or-none depolarization of membrane polarity, has a threshold and refractory period and is conducted without decrement |
| activated macrophage | macrophage whose killing ability has been enhanced by cytokines, particularly IL-2 and interferongamma |
| activation | see lymphocyte activation |
| activation energy | energy necessary to disrupt existing chemical bonds during a chemical reaction |
| active hyperemia (hy-per-EE-me-ah) | increased blood flow through a tissue associated with increased metabolic activity |
| active immunity | resistance to reinfection acquired by contact with microorganisms, their toxins, or other antigenic material, compare passive immunity |
| active site | region of enzyme to which substrate binds |
| active transport | energy-requiring system that uses transporters to move ions or molecules across a membrane against an electrochemical difference, see also primary active transport, secondary active transport |
| activity | see enzyme activity |
| acute (ah-KUTE) | lasting a relatively short time, compare chronic |
| acute phase proteins | group of proteins secreted by liver during systemic response to injury or infection |
| acute phase response | responses of tissues and organs distant from site of infection or immune response |
| adaptation | (evolution) a biological characteristic that favors survival in a particular environment, (neural) decrease in actionpotential frequency in a neuron despite constant stimulus |
| adenosine diphosphate (ADP) (ah-DEN-oh-seen dy-FOS-fate) | twophosphate product of ATP |
| adenosine monophosphate (AMP) | one-phosphate derivative of ATP |
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | major molecule that transfers energy from metabolism to cell functions during its reakdown to ADP and release of Pi |
| adenylyl cyclase (ad-DEN-ah-lil SYklase) | enzyme that catalyzes transformation of ATP to cyclic AMP |
| adipocyte (ad-DIP-oh-site) | cell specialized for triacylglycerol synthesis and storage, fat cell |
| adipose tissue (AD-ah-poze) | tissue composed largely of fat storing cells |
| adrenal cortex (ah-DREE-nal KORtex) | endocrine gland that forms outer shell of each adrenal gland, secretes steroid hormones- mainly cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens, compare adrenal medulla |
| adrenal gland | one of a pair of endocrine glands above each kidney, each gland consists of outer adrenal cortex and inner adrenal medulla |
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