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Topic 4

Heat and Energy

TermDefinition
Absorber Any object that absorbs electromagnetic energy.
Absorption The process by which a material takes on electromagnetic energy.
Albedo he ability to reflect insolation (sunlight) without being absorbed.
Color The wavelength of light reflected by an object.
Condensation The change in state of matter from a vapor to a liquid. Condensation of water vapor during cloud formation releases large amounts of energy to the atmosphere.
Conduction A method of heat transfer through solids. Heat transfer that is caused by the collision of atoms in solids.
Continental Climate Middle latitude climate found near the interior of land masses. Climates recognized by generally lower P/Ep ratios, a large temperature range, and low precipitation values.
Convection A method of heat transfer through fluids such as air or water. The circulatory motion that occurs when different areas of a fluid are at different temperatures. The motion results from the variation of density of the fluid and the action of gravity.
Convection currents A method of heat transfer in liquids and gases (fluids) that involves density differences and produces a circulation pattern within the fluid.
Coriolis effect The deflection of a an object that is moving above the Earth’s surface. In the Northern Hemisphere, the Coriolis effect causes moving objects to be deflected to their right, while in the Southern Hemisphere, the deflection is to the object's left.
Density The property of matter that indicates the mass per unit volume. Density provides an indication of the packing of the particles of matter. Density is calculated by the equation: D=m/v
Earth The third planet, by distance, that orbits the Sun. The only planet currently known to support life.
Electromagnetic energy Energy transferred by waves of electric and magnetic fields vibrating at right angles to each other. Different forms of electromagnetic energy vary in wavelength and frequency from very short wave gamma rays to very long electric waves.
Electromagnetic spectrum A method of classifying radiation on the basis of wavelength and frequency. The continuous listing of wave energy from the shortest wavelengths and highest frequencies (gamma rays) to the longest wavelengths and lowest frequencies (electric waves).
Energy The ability or capacity for doing work. Energy can broadly be classified as Potential, energy of position, and Kinetic, energy of motion.
Evaporation Vaporization. A phase change or change in state of matter from liquid to vapor.
Freezing The change in phase of a substance, such as water, from a liquid to a solid. The substance must release energy for the change to occur.
Gamma radiation The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum with waves that have the shortest wavelengths and highest frequencies.
Heat The quantity of thermal energy in a mass or an object.
Heat of fusion The amount of heat required to change the phase of one gram of a solid to a liquid without a change in temperature. The heat of fusion for water equals 80 cal/g or 324 joules/gram.
Heat of vaporization The amount of heat required to change the state of one gram of a substance from a liquid to a vapor without a change in temperature. The heat of vaporization for water is 540 cal/g or 2260 joules/gram.
Heat sink A region of low heat concentration (low temperature). Heat energy flows towards a heat sink.
Heat source A region of high heat concentration (high temperature). Heat energy flows away from a heat source and towards a heat sink.
Heat transfer The movement of heat energy from regions of high concentration (source) to regions of low concentration (sink). The movement of heat energy by the processes of conduction, convection, or radiation.
Infrared radiation Electromagnetic waves with wavelengths longer than the visible portion of spectrum; terrestrial radiation; electromagnetic waves that are absorbed by carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane, CFCs resulting in the Greenhouse effect
Insolation A term that stands for incoming solar radiation. The electromagnetic energy produced by the Sun that drives most Earth systems.
Liquid Form of matter in which the atoms or molecules are held together by weak bonds or forces. Liquids have a definite mass and volume, but no definite shape.
Maritime Climate A middle-latitude climate near a coastline. The nearness to a large body of water generally produces a moderate temperature range and high precipitation totals.
Mass A fundamental measurement that determines the quantity of matter in an object.
Melting A phase change from a solid to a liquid.
Microwaves a form of electromagnetic energy with wavelengths and frequencies that overlap infrared and radio waves.
Phase change Change in state of matter. The addition or removal of heat energy can cause the form of matter to change between solid, liquid, and vapor.
Radiate To give off electromagnetic energy. The amount and type of energy radiated is determined by the Kelvin temperature and the surface area of the object.
Radiation The form of heat transfer by electromagnetic waves. Radiation can transfer energy through the vacuum of space and/or transparent objects.
Radiator An object that gives off electromagnetic energy.
Radio waves The longest wave and lowest frequency form of electromagnetic energy; portion of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths longer than infrared waves; Earth’s atmosphere is transparent to radio waves.
Rate The change of a quantity, such as distance, over a unit period of time. Rate can be calculated by the equation: r-quantity/time
Reflection The bouncing of wave energy off of a surface or interface. The angle that the waves leave the surface is the same as the angle at which the waves strike the surface.
Rotation The spinning of an object on its axis. The rotation of the Earth once every 24 hours causes the Coriolis effect and the apparent change in the path of a Foucault pendulum.
Solid Phase of matter in which the atoms are held together by strong bonds, forming a crystalline structure. Solids have a definite mass, volume, and shape.
Specific heat The amount of heat required to change the temperature of one gram of a substance 1° C without a change in phase. The heat capacity of a material.
Sunlight Insolation; a term used to describe the electromagnetic energy produced by the Sun. The wavelength of maximum intensity of sunlight occurs in the visible portion of the spectrum.
Temperature A measure of the degree of heat or random motion of the particles in an object or region.
Terrestrial radiation The electromagnetic energy given off by the Earth’s surface, mostly in the form of heat or infrared radiation.
Ultraviolet light The form of electromagnetic radiation that has wavelengths shorter than visible light but longer than x-rays. Most ultraviolet radiation from the Sun is absorbed in the Earth's stratosphere through the formation of ozone.
Vapor Gas. The form of matter in which the atoms or molecules are not held together by bonds. Vapors have a definite mass, but no definite volume or shape. They completely fill the space provided for them.
Vaporization Evaporation. The change in phase or state from a liquid to a vapor (gas). Evaporation of water is a cooling process.
Visible light The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum to which the human eye is sensitive. Visible light has wavelengths that are shorter than infrared rays and longer than ultraviolet rays.
Water vapor Water in the gaseous phase.
Wavelength A measure of the distance between two successive wave crests or wave troughs. The wavelength and frequency of waves are inversely proportional. As the length of a wave increases, its frequency decreases.
X-rays Short wave and high frequency forms of electromagnetic energy; forms portion of the electromagnetic spectrum located between ultraviolet and gamma rays;
Created by: bhowell65
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