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Zoology, lecture 19
Vertebrates: Amphibians
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Classes of amphibia | Apoda (legless), Urodella (tailed), Anura (tailless) |
| Hagainins | |
| Heart system of amphibians | 1 and 2 mitnavnim, 3=carotid (brings blood to the heart) 4 is systemic (blood to the body), 5 connects 4 and 6 and 6 becomes pulmocutaneous (blood to the lungs and skin) |
| Amphibian heart | A small sinus (bringing in deoxygenated blood and taking it to the lungs for oxygenations) with two atriums and one chamber. |
| Amphibian heart blood cycle | Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the different body tissues through the 3rd arch, left atrium gets oxygenated blood from the lungs. R+L empty into the same chamber so they mix. |
| Right amphibian heart chamber | Receives deoxygenated blood from the body. |
| Left amphibian heart chamber | Receives oxygenated blood from the body. |
| How are oxygenated and deoxygenated blood kept separate in the amphibian heart? | Timing. |
| What are the skeletal adaptations in amphibians? | Reduction in the number of vertebrae, bones, less flexibility greater strength, fusion, fewer head bones, tetrapoda |
| Axial theory of limb development | they developed from the axial skeleton |
| Basal theory of limb development | they developed from the fins |
| Flexor | Muscle that acts to bend a joint/limb. |
| Extensor | Muscle that extends or straightens a limb or body part |
| Adductor | Muscle that draws a body part inward toward the median axis. |
| Abductor | Muscle that draws the body part away from the midline |
| Limited thermoregulating mechanism in amphibians | Chromatophores-pigment containing cells |
| Xantophores, iridophones, melanophores | Chromatophores |
| Amphibian eye development | Rods and cones for color vision. |
| Defense mechanisms for sudden environmental changes | They have none so they always exist in moist environments |
| Fish | Gnathostomatal vertebrates that live only in aqueous environments. |
| Two types of fish | Cartilaginous fish and bony fish (latter covered with fins) |
| Boney fish | Have fins. |
| Amphibian nostrils | Connected to the oral cavity and function in respiration in addition to smelling (like in fish) |
| Origins of the lung structure in amphibians | Found in many fish but used there as a floating bladder. |
| Shark floating mechanisms | they don't have the bladder--they have a lot of fat (a lot of it is stored in their enormous liver) |
| Stylopod | The thigh bone in tetrapod limbs |
| Zeugopod | Like the shin--double element below the stylopod (thigh) in tetrapods |
| Autopod | (Like the fingers) comes below the zeugopod and is further divided into the base and the digits (the only novel feature of tetrapods) |
| What is the only difference between fins and tetrapoda? | Digits |
| Where did the 5 finger model originate? | Common ancestor of the amniotes. |
| Apoda | Leg-less amphibia that secondarily lots their limbs. |
| Origin of amphibians | Almost all fresh water. |
| Ectotherms | Like amphibians--animals that derive their body heat from their surroundings. |
| Amphibian life cycle |
Created by:
YaelNoa
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