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VET140- Microbiology
Gram Negative Organisms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| E. coli are part of the normal intestinal flora of mammals (T/F?) | True |
| E. coli Predisposing Factors | -immunosuppression -age -diet |
| Gram Negative Organisms | -Enterbacteriaceae -Pseudomonas aeruginosa -Actinobacillus -Pasteurella -Francisella tularensis -Hemophilus -Bordetella -Moraxella bovis |
| In the Gram stain procedure, the mordant is: | Iodine |
| Tetanus is considered...? | noncommunicable (does not result from an acute infectious process and hence are not communicable) |
| Is E. coli a lactose fermenting organism? | yes |
| How to test (which media) for lactose fermentation | MacConkey Agar, will see pink results. |
| What part of the body is sterile? | lower respiratory tract |
| Are Streptococci catalase +/-? | catalase negative |
| Enterobacteriaceae family | medium sized (3 microns), rods, major pathogens w/ many serotypes, opportunistic pathogens and non-pathogens. Produce large variety of clinical infections. Categorized by important structural features. |
| Some gram - organisms do not grow on MacConkey Agar (T/F) | True |
| Enterobacteriaceae Etiology | Etiology: inhabit the intestinal tract of animals/humans, often contaminate vegetation/water, 3 categories (major, opportunistic, and non-pathogenic). Includes: E. coli, Salmonella, Yersinia, Proteus, Klebsiella, Enterobacter. |
| Serotypes | |
| Serotyping | this is performed to dx major pathogens by detecting their marker antigens: O, H for E. coli, Salmonella, and Yersinia |
| MacConkey Agar | does not grow gram + organisms, is a selective media. |
| E. coli and Salmonella are both gram - cocci shaped bacteria (T/F?) | False, they are rods. |
| What is the main route of transmission for Salmonella? | ingestion |
| Enterobacteriaceae (Lab Dx) | Lab Dx: facultative anaerobes, grow on standard media, tolerate bile salts in MacConkey agar, mucoid colonies (Klebsiella + Enterobacter), swarming growth (Proteus), oxidase negative, most are motile ferment glucose and other sugars. |
| Salmonella | Enterobacteriaceae species that can be tough to grow in a lab, requires enriched media that suppresses the growth of other competitive bacteria, has different reactions on TSI agar than other Enterobacteria. |
| Opportunistic Members | these are sometimes involved in localized opportunistic infection in diverse anatomical locations. |
| Enterobacteriaceae Family | -E. coli -Salmonella -Yersinia -Proteus -Klebsiella -Enterbacter |
| Enterobacter aerogenes | Enterobacteriaceae opportunistic species that causes coliform mastitis in cows and sows. |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | Enterobacteriaceae opportunistic species that causes coliform mastitis in cows, endometritis in mares, and urinary tract infections in dogs. |
| Yersinia pestis, a cause of bubonic and pneumonic plague, is spread by rodent reservoirs (T/F?) | True |
| Proteus mirabilis & vulgaris | Enterobacteriaceae opportunistic species that causes UTI in dogs and horses, and otitis externa in dogs. |
| Which of the following is a spreading organisms when grown on agar plates? | Proteus |
| Major pathogens of Enterobacteriaceae family | -Yersinia sp. -E. coli -Salmonella sp. |
| Yersinia Genus | major Enterobacteriaceae species that is a non-lactose fermenter, all motile except Y. pestis, heal labile, aerobic/anaerobic, over 10 species total and 3 are pathogenic (Y. pestis, Y. enterocoltica, Y. pseudotuberculosis). |
| Heat Labile | destroyed/altered by heat |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram + bacteria that can produce pyocyanin pigment (T/F?) | False, is gram - |
| Yersinia pestis | Yersinia species that causes the bubonic and pneumonic Plague, (black death in 1350's). Wild rodents are important reservoirs, the oriental rat flea transmits infection to humans and other animals. |
| Bubonic Plague (CS's) in Humans | CS: fever, chills, enlarged lymph nodes due to black lymphatic drainage, septicemia, malaise, muscle aches, headaches, seizures. |
| Feline Plague | caused by Yersinia pestis, has two forms (bubonic and pneumonic). Can be treated w/ tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, and supportive care. Dogs and cats should have flea prevention and rodent control in endemic areas (southwest USA). |
| Yersinia pseudotuberculosis | Yersinia species that causes enteric infections in wild and domestic animals and humans. Abscesses in liver and spleen. Septicemic form in laboratory rodents and caged birds. |
| Escherichia coli | major Enterobacteriaceae species that is part of normal intestinal tract flora. Predisposing factors: age, immune status, nature of diet, heavy exposure to pathogenic strains. |
| Actinobacillus lignieresii can affect the tongue of cattle, causing lesions, excessive drooling. (T/F)? | True |
| Histophilus somni is normal flora of the feline genital tract (T/F?) | False, typically affects Bovine genital tract and is normal flora for bovine. |
| Moraxella bovis causes pink eye in cattle and is considered highly contagious (T/F?) | True |
| E. coli Virulence Factors | virulence factors: capsules interfere w/ phagocytosis fimbrial adhesions attach to mucosal surfaces of small intestine, endotoxin and enterotoxins. |
| E. Coli Disease Manifestations | -enteric: in humans from rare meat, causes diarrhea in young animals. -septicemia: calves, pups, piglets, chickens -non enteric localized: mastitis, pyometra, omphalitis (infection of umbilical stump). |
| Edema Disease | disease caused by E. coli. Affects newborn and suckler piglets, associated w/ stress and high protein diets, CS due to vascular damage (peracute death, edema, CNS signs) Tx is ineffective. |
| Bordetella are small gram - rods that ca infect a wide range of animals (T/F?) | True |
| E. Coli Prevention | -colostrum to newborns to prevent colibacillosis, neonatal diarrhea, and colisepticemia. Warm clean environment should be provided, and vaccination is available in swine. |
| Salmonella Serotypes | 2400+ serotypes based on somatic (O) and flagellar (H) antigens. Does not ferment lactose, culture on brilliant green or bismuth sulfite agar. |
| Salmonella Ecology | ecology: world wide and infects mammals, birds, and reptiles. Excreted in mainly feces, ingestion is main route of infection, can be present in water/soil/feeds/raw meat/vegetables, infect ovaries in chickens and then passed into eggs. |
| Salmonella Virulence Factors | -can invade, replicate, and resist digestion by phagocytes. -tend to localize in mucosa of ileum, cecum, colon, and mesenteric lymph nodes. -latent infections can be hidden and not excreted until animal is stressed. |
| Enterocolitis | dz from Salmonella that affects most farm animals. Causes fever, depression, anorexia, foul smelling bloody diarrhea, dehydration. Adults develop chronic persistent to intermittent diarrhea. Young animals die in a few days and recumbent. |
| Septicemia | dz caused by Salmonella that is most common in calves, foals, and piglets. Acute onset, high fever depression, recumbency. Die within 48 hrs if tx delayed. Pigs will have blue ears and snout. |
| this animal is a specific host for S. cholerasuis | swine |
| this animal is a specific host for S. dublin | cattle |
| This Salmonella has a wide host range | Salmonella typhimurium |
| Subclinical Salmonella Carriers | -reptiles -hedgehogs -humans "Typhoid Mary" To avoid confusion between serotypes and species, the serotype name is not italicized and starts with a capital letter. |
| Salmonella Control | -maintain closed herd -purchase animals from reliable sources -prevent food and water contamination -vaccines enhance resistance |
| Pseudomonas aeruginos (ecology and Lab Dx) | medium sized, gram (-), rods, zoonotic. Ecology: in water/soil/plants, on skin and MM and feces, obligate aerobe. Lab Dx: oxidase and catalase (+), motile, colonies are diffusible pigment (pyocyanin) and characteristic odor like grapes or smelly feet. |
| Pseudomonas aeruginos (Diseases) | -cattle: mastitis, metritis, pneumonia, dermatitis -sheep: mastitis, fleece-rot pneumonia, otitis media -pigs: respiratory infections, otitis -horses: genital tract infections, pneumonia, ulcerative keratitis. |
| Pseudomonas aeruginos (Diseases pt. 2) | -dogs & cats: otitis externa, cystitis, pneumonia, ulcerative keratitis -mink: hemorrhagic pneumonia, septicaemia -chinchillas: penumonia, septicaemia -reptiles: necrotic stomatitis |
| Metritis | inflammation of the uterus |
| Pseudomonas aeruginos Toxins | -exotoxin A, phospholipase C, proteases, leukocidin. |
| Burkholderia | gram (-) bacilli, aerobic, oxidase and catalase (+), grows on MacConkey, non-motile (B. mallei) and motile (B. pseudomallei). B. mallei grow on 1% glycerol. |
| Glanders | contagious equine dx caused by B. mallei. Forms nodules/ulcers on the skin or in the respiratory tract. Transmissed from ingestion of nasal secretions. Acute septicemia: fever, nasal discharge, respiratory signs followed by death in weeks. |
| Glanders Dx | Dx: CS in endemic areas, submit discharge from lesions, process in biohazard cabinet, humans can contract it while culturing, grows on MacConkey without using lactose, control by testing and slaughtering. |
| Melioidosis | dz caused by B. pseudomallei. In tropical/subtropical areas in soil and water, infection from ingestion, many species susceptible, uses lactose on MacConkey. Dx: agglutination by specific antiserum. Has long incubation and abscesses in lungs/liver/spleen |
| Actinobacillus Species | gram (-) rods, facultative anaerobes, oxidase (+), commensals on MM particularly the upper respiratory tract and oral cavity, cannot survive long in environment. |
| Actinobacillus Diseases | |
| Actinobacillus lignieresii | causes Wooden tongue/ timber tongue in cattle, a chronic pyogranulomatous inflammation of soft tissue. CS include dysphagia and drooling. Localized pyogranulomatous lesions in retropharyngeal lymph nodes. |
| Dysphagia | difficulty/discomfort in swallowing. |
| Actinobacillus lignieresii (Tx) | Tx: sodium iodide parenterally, potassium iodide orally, sulphonamides or combo penicillin and streptomycin. Early tx usually successful, advanced cases may fail to respond. |
| Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia | Actinobacillus species that affects pigs all ages worldwide. Highly contagious in pig under 6 months. Virulence with: capsules (antiphagocytic, immunogenic), fimbriae, toxins. |
| Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia (CS) | CS; pyrexia, don't want to move, blood stained froth, abortion. Acute disease means pigs found dead. Outbreaks occur with poor ventilation and drop in temperature. |
| Pyrexia | raised body temperature; fever. |
| Actinobacillus suis | Actinobacillus species that infects young pigs under 3 months, septicemia, death, fever, respiratory distress, paddling of forelimbs, lesions on legs. |
| Sleepy Foal Disease | dz caused by Actinobacillus equuli, acute and potentially fatal septicemia of newborn foals. In repro/intestinal tract of mares, foals can be infected in utero/via umbilicus, febrile and recumbent, death in 1-2 days. Survivors develop diseases. |
| Pasteurella | gram (-) bacilli or coccobacilli, oxidase (+), facultative anaerobes non-motile, labile in environment. Commensals on upper resp tract mucosa, Giemsa stain of infected tissue shows prominent bipolar staining. |
| Pasteurella multocida | has 5 serotypes (A, B, C, D, E) that cause different disease complexes. Many infections are endogenous, invade immunosuppressed, fimbriae enhance mucosal attachment, capsule has major antiphagocytic role |
| Pasteurella multocida Type A | this Pasteurella serotype causes pneumonic pasteurellosis in cattle and enzootic pneumonia complex in calves. |
| Pasteurella multocida Type B | this Pasteurella serotype causes hemorrhagic septicemia in buffalo and pneumonia and mastitis in sheep. |
| Pasteurella multocida Type C | this Pasteurella serotype causes pneumonia and atrophic rhinitis in pigs. |
| Pasteurella multocida Type D | this Pasteurella serotype causes atrophic rhinitis and pneumonia in pigs, causes fowl cholera in poultry, and Snuffles in rabbits. |
| Pasteurella multocida Type E | this Pasteurella serotype causes hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle and buffalo (Africa). |
| Mannheimia haemolytica | this bacteria causes Bovine Pneumonic Pasteurellosis (shipping fever) and is associated with severe stress in young cattle. CS: sudden fever onset, depression, anorexia, tachypnea, serous nasal discharge. Associated w/ other respiratory viruses. |
| Mannheimia haemolytica in sheep | this bacteria in sheep causes septicemia for less than 3 months, pneumonia, and gangrenous mastitis. Flock outbreaks with sudden death and acute respiratory distress. Pasteurella trehalosi causes septicemia at 5-12 months. |
| The species of this genus can cause Strangles in horses | Streptococcus |
| Haemophilus influenzae | gram (-), bacilli/coccobacillus, small, motile, faculatative anaerobes, not on MacConkey, fastidious and require X (hemin) or V (NAD), culture in 5-10% CO2 on chocolate agar, labile in environment, commensals on respiratory MM. |
| Haemophilus somnus | Haemophilus serotype that causes septicemia, thrombotic meningoencephalitis, bronchopneumonia, and reproductive tract infections in cattle. Ovine CS similar to cattle. |
| Haemophilus parasuis | Haemophilus serotype that causes Glasser's Disease. Affects pigs from weaning-12 weeks, normal flora of upper resp tract, 2-4 wk old piglets can develop infection resulting from stress. |
| Haemophilus parasuis (CS and prevention) | CS: anorexia, fever, lameness, convulsions, sudden death, PM lesions, the presence of maternally derived antibodies can prevent development of CS's Prevent: commercially available/autogenous bacterins may stimulate serotype-specific protective immunity |
| Taylorella equigenitalis (H. equigenitalis) | gram (-), bacilli, short, non-motile, highly fastidious and requires chocolate agar, only affects equidae sp, and found in genital tracts of stallions, mares, and foals. |
| Contagious Equine Metritis | dz caused by Taylorella, highly contagious, localized venereal dz in breeding stock on thoroughbred stud farms, transmission during coitus, seen more in thoroughbreds, also can be from fomites. Foals infected in utero/during parturition. |
| Taylorella in Mares | mares will develop a post-infection of mucopurulent vulvar discharge 2-7 days post service du to development of acute endometritis. Discharge for 2 wks then infertile for several weeks. 25% remain carriers. No protective immunity from infection. |
| Taylorella Testing | this bacteria is cultured on chocolate agar, 5-10% CO2 for 4-7 days. Samples are taken from respective reproductive tract. Can eliminate by washing genital tracts with 20% chlorohexidine or local anesthetic. |
| Moraxella bovis | short, gram (-) bacilli, occur in pairs, aerobic, optimal growth on enriched media (blood/serum, proteolytic activity, susceptibility to dying, found on MM of carrier cattle. |
| Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (Pink Eye) | highly contagious dz caused by Moraxella bovis, transmissible through direct contact/aerosol/vectors/flies, affects superficial structures of the eyes, young animals less than 2 yrs old. |
| Moraxella bovis (virulence, CS, Tx) | virulence: fimbriae allow adherence to corneal surface CS: blepharospasm, conjunctivitis, lacrimation. Tx: subconjunctival tx with steroid/abx combination. Sew eyelids together (tarsorrhaphy) for 10-14 days. |
| Blepharospasm | involuntary tight closure of the eyelids. |
| Francisella tularensis | gram (-), coccobacillary bacilli, obligate aerobe,, non-motile, stable in environment up to 4 months. Reservoir hosts: lagomorphs, rodents, birds, deer. |
| Tularemia | Francisella tularensis outbreaks in sheep and other domestic sp. Transmission associated w/ heavy tick infestation. Handle specimens in biohazard cabinet. CS: fever, depression, inappetence, stiffness septicemia. |
| Lawsonia intracellularis | obligate intracellular pathogen, has not been grown on artificial media. Gram (-) curved bacilli with single polar flagellum, no fimbriae or spores, extremely fastidious growth requirements. |
| Lawsonia intracellularis Effects | causes proliferative enteropathy, affects older pigs and breeding stock. Causes proliferative enteritis, porcine intestinal adenomatosis, proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy, ileitis, wet-tail dz. |
| Bordetella | gram (-) bacilli, small, strict aerobes, labile in environment. Commensals on MM of URI, affinity for ciliated respiratory epithelium, 4 species: pertussis, parapertussis, avium, bronchiseptica. |
| Labile | easily broken down or displaced. |
| B. bronchiseptica | causes kennel cough in dogs (K9 infectious tracheobronchitis), associated w/ viral infections from K9 parainfluenzavirus-2 and K9 adenovirus-2, transmissed URI discharge and contagious. dry and hacking cough, 14 day course, usually self-limiting,, vaccs. |
| B. bronchiseptica (Pigs) | this Bordetella in pigs causes atrophic rhinitis that leads to distortion of snout, overcrowding and poor ventilation increases infections. Infection facilitates colonization of P. multocida Type D. |
| Atrophic | decrease in size or wasting away of a body part or tissue |
| Rhinitis | inflammation of the nose mucous membranes. |
| B. bronchiseptica | this species of bordetella causes: Kittens- pneumonia Horses- Resp. infection Rabbits- URI Lab rodents- brochopneumonia |
| B. avium | bordetella species that causes coryza in turkeys |
| Coryza | an acute respiratory disease of birds is characterized by decreased activity, nasal discharge, sneezing, and facial swelling that occurs worldwide in birds. |
| B. pertussis & B. parapertussis | bordetella species that causes whooping cough in children, Vx in 1940's, killed 5-10k people annually prior to vaccine. |
| Regarding the disadvantages of using commercial laboratories, which statement is false? | They often do not adhere to quality control standards |
Created by:
Riley.Scherf
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