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1610 Ch. 5 Terms
1610 Biology: Ch. 5 Terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| phospholipids | Lipids in which two fatty acids and phosphorus-containing group are attached to glycerol; major components of cell membranes. |
| peripheral membrane protein | A protein associated with one of the surfaces of a biological membrane. |
| Transport protein | A transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance or class of closely related substances to cross the membrane. This is done using facilitated diffusion. |
| osmosis | The net movement of water (the principal solvent in biological systems) by diffusion through selectively permeable membrane from a region of higher concentration of water (hypotonic) to a region of lower concentration of water (hypertonic). |
| hypotonic solution | A solution that has an osmotic pressure (or solute concentrate) less that that of the solution with which it is compared. |
| aquaporin | On of a family of transport proteins located in the plasma membrane that facilitate the rapid movement of water molecules into or out of cells. |
| facilitated diffusion | The passive transport of ions or molecules by a specific carrier protein in a membrane. As in simple diffusion, net transport is down a concentration gradient, and no additional energy has to be supplied. |
| cotransport | The simultaneous transport of two substrates across a cell membrane, either in the same direction or in opposite directions. |
| pinocytosis | Cell drinking; a type of endocytosis by which cells engulf and absorb droplets of liquids. |
| cell signaling | Mechanisms of communication between cells. |
| protein kinase | One of a group of enzymes that activate or inactivate other proteins by phoshorylating (adding phospate groups to) them. |
| adhering junction | A type of anchoring junction between cells: connect epithelial cells. |
| plasmodesmata | Cytoplasmic channels connecting adjacent plant cells and allowing for the movement of molecules and ions between cells. |
| amphipathic | A molecule containing both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions. |
| glycoprotein | A protein with covalently attached carbohydrates. |
| diffusion | The net movement of particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration (i.e., down a concentration gradient), resulting from random motion. |
| osmotic pressure | The pressure that must be exerted on the hypertonic side of a selectively permeable membrane to prevent diffusion of water (by osmosis) from the side containing pure water. |
| turgor pressure | Hydrostatic pressure that develops within a walled cell, such as a plant cell, when the osmotic pressure of the cell's contents is greater than the osmotic pressure of the surrounding fluid. |
| gated channel | A channel that can be opened or closed. |
| active transport | Transport of a substance across a membrane that does not rely on the potential energy of a concentration gradient for the substance being transported and therefore requires an additional energy source (often ATP). |
| exocytosis | The active transport of materials out of the cell by fusion of cytoplasmic vesicles with the plasma membrane. |
| clathrin | A protein that forms a lattice-shaped coating. |
| first messenger | A signaling molecule that relays information by way of G protein to an intracellular signaling agent. |
| cell junction | A specialized site on a cell at which it is attached to another cell or to the extracellular matrix. |
| cadherins | Any of a family of calcium-dependent cell adhesion glycoproteins that play a fundamental role in tissue differentiation and structure. |
| fluid-mosaic model | The currently accepted model of the plasma membrane and other cell membranes, in which protein molecules "float" in a fluid phospholipid bilayer. |
| signal transduction | A process in which a cell converts and amplifies an extracellular signal into an intracellular signal that affects some function in the cell. |
| concentration gradient | A difference in the concentration of a substance from one point to another, as for example, across a cell membrane. |
| isotonic solution | A solution hat has identical concentrations of solute molecules and hence the same osmotic pressure. |
| plasmolysis | The shrinkage of cytoplasm and the pulling away of the plasma membrane from the cell wall when a plant cell (or other walled cell) loses water, usually in a hypertonic environment. |
| carrier protein | Proteins that transport a specific substance or group of substances through intracellular compartments or in extracellular fluids (e.g. in the blood) or else across the cell membrane. |
| sodium-potassium pump | Active transport system that transports sodium ions out of, and potassium ions into, cell. |
| endocytosis | The active transport of substances into the cell by the formation of invaginated regions of the plasma membrane that pinch off and become cytoplasmic vesicles. |
| coated pit | A depression in the plasma membrane, the cytosolic side of which is coated with the protein clathrin; important in receptor-mediated endocytosis. |
| G protein | One of a group of proteins that bind GTP and are involved in the transfer of signals across the plasma membrane. |
| anchoring junction | Extend through the plasma membrane to link cytoskeletal proteins in one cell to cytoskeletal proteins in neighboring cells as well as to proteins in the extracellular matrix. Three types: Desmosomes, Hemidesmosomes, adheren junctions. |
| tight junction | Specialized structures that form between some animal cells, producing a tight seal that prevents materials from passing through the spaces between the cells. |
| integral membrane protein | A protein that is tightly associated with the lipid bilayer of a biological membrane; a transmembrane integral protein spans the bilayer. |
| selective permeability | The characteristic of cell membranes that allows some chemicals to pass through them more easily than others, depending on size and electrical charge. |
| equilibrium | A condition in which all acting influences are canceled by others, resulting in a stable, balanced, or unchanging system. |
| hypertonic solution | A solution that has an osmotic pressure (or solute concentration) greater than that of the solution with which it is compared. |
| channel protein | Proteins that form an aqueous pore spanning the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane which when open allows certain solutes to traverse the membrane. |
| carrier-mediated transport | Any form of transport across a membrane that uses a membrane-bound transport protein with a binding site for a specific substance; includes both facilitated diffusion and carrier-mediated active transport. |
| electrochemical gradient | A spatial variation of both electrical potential and chemical concentration across a membrane. |
| phagocytosis | Literally, "cell eating"; a type of endocytosis by which certain cells engulf food particles, microorganisms, foreign matter, or other cells. |
| ligand | A molecule that binds to a specific site in a receptor or other protein. |
| second messenger | A substance, e.g., cyclic AMP or calcium ions, that relays a message from a hormone bound to a cell-surface receptor; leads to some change in cell. |
| desmosome | Buttonlike plaques; present on two opposing cell surfaces, that hold the cells together by means of protein filaments that span the intracellular space. |
| gap junction | Structure consisting of specialized regions of the plasma membrane of two adjacent cells; contains numerous pores that allow the passage of certain small molecules and ions between them. |
Created by:
Grace Perry
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