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VET140- Microbiology
Gram Positive Organisms Pt. 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Listeria Species (L. monocytogenes) | bacteria that has 6 species, that are pathogenic. Are small gram + rods in coccobacillary forms. Ecology: plants, fresh water, feces, wide pH range 5.5-9.6, grow over wide temp range 40-113*F. |
| Listeria Lab Diagnosis | Dx: small smooth transparent hemolytic colonies on blood agar, catalase +, oxidase -, tumbling mobility. |
| L. monocytogenes | |
| L. ivanovii | affects sheep and cattle, causes abortion |
| L. innocua | affects sheep, causes meningoencephalitis |
| Listeriosis | illness from contaminated feed, can lead to transplacental transmission and abortion up to 12 days after infection, organism can invade through oral/nasal mucosa, travels to cranial nerves leading to neural listeriosis. |
| Listeria Virulence Factors | -can invade phagocytic + non-phagocytic cells -can survive + replicate intracellularly -can transfer without detection by humoral immune system |
| Humoral Immune System | the process of adaptive immunity by the production of antibodies by B lymphocytes. It develops in bone marrow. B cells may be triggered to proliferate into plasma cells that produce antibodies. |
| Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae | gram positive slender rods (smooth form) or short filaments (rough form). Ecology: soil, surface water,, facultative anaerobe, wide temp range (41-107*F), 50% of healthy pigs may be carriers. |
| Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (Lab Dx, virulence, Tx) | Lab Dx: smooth white colonies (acute inf.), rough colonies (chronic inf.), catalase and oxidase negative. Virulence: has capsule and enzyme that can penetrate cells. Tx: Penicillin or Erysipelas antiserum |
| Acute Erysipelothrix | form of Erysipelothrix that will show septicemia and "diamond skin." Can change into chronic form. |
| Chronic Erysipelothrix | form of Erysipelothrix that causes arthritis and vegetative endocardosis. as the most affect on productivity and many are found dead. |
| Erysipelothrix in Sheep | Erysipelothrix in this animal causes polyarthritis, pneumonia, valvular endocarditis. |
| Erysipelothrix in Turkeys | Erysipelothrix in this animal can enter through the skin, be in semen, happen to any age, and sudden death occurs within 5 days of insemination. |
| Bacillus Species | bacteria species that is large (10 microns) gram + central endospore producing rods that occur singly, pairs, or long chains. Spores can last over 50 yrs. Ecology: environment, most are non-pathogenic, aerobes or facultative anaerobes. |
| Bacillus (Lab Dx and pathogenicity) | Lab Dx: catalase positive and oxidase negative, stain w/ polychrome methylene blue (shows chains of square-ended rods surrounded by pink capsules), virulence encoded by plasmids. Pathogenicity: causes mastitis, abortion, human food poisoning. |
| Anthrax | illness caused by Bacillus anthracis, affects all mammals, ruminants ^ susceptible, birds resistance, spread b endospores, imported by meat/bone meal/fertilizers. |
| Anthrax (virulence and carcass) | Virulence: has a capsule that inhibits phagocytosis, has a complex toxin that causes swelling/edema/necrosis. The carcass of the animal with this will have bloody discharge from body openings, bloat, no rigor mortis, large soft "blackberry jam" spleen. |
| Anthrax in Different Species | -causes necrosis of upper GIT in many species -pigs: subacute, pharyngeal swelling, intestinal form w/ high mortality, less common -horses: subacute, localized edema, septicemia w/ colic, enteritis -carnivores: fairly resistant -birds: resistant |
| Anthrax in Humans | this disease in humans has skin, lung, and intestinal forms. Inhalation method causes "wool sorters disease" which is the most lethal pneumonia and leads to respiratory collapse. Intestinal form causes vomiting blood and diarrhea, is 60% fatal. |
| Bacillus Treatment | this bacteria species can be reported because of human risk, most tx will fall on CDC or gov agencies, early tx w/ doxycycline, penicillin, and/or tetracycline can help control, vaccinate endemic areas. |
| Bacillus Control | this bacteria species can be controlled by PPE, incinerating injected carcasses far from water source, disinfect with 10% formalin, isolate for 14 days. |
| Clostridium Species | large spore forming gram + rods. Ecology: soil, fresh water, marine sediments, feces, endospores can be present in muscle/liver, anerobic, catalase and oxidase negative, 100 species and less than 20 are pathogenic. |
| Clostridium Exotoxin Production Types | -neurotoxic clostridium -histotoxic clostridium -enteropathogenic clostridium |
| C. tetani (neurotoxic form) | clostridium species that replicates locally in damaged tissue, irreversible effect on synaptic junction remote from site of toxin production. CS: stiff, spasms, lock jaw, saw horse stance. Rx: Sx debridement, pen., antitoxin. Prevent w/ tetanus toxoid vac |
| C. botulinum | the most potent biological toxins known, Clostridia species. Acquired by ingesting of pre-formed toxin. Mildly affected animals may recover. |
| Histotoxic clostridia | type of clostridia that can cause local tissue necrosis and systemic effects from exotoxin production. Has endo/exogenous sources, endospores widely distributed in environment. Fluorescent antibody techniques used for Dx. |
| Endogenous Infections | these result from the activation of dormant spores in muscle or liver. Ex: Blackleg (CLostridium chauvoei), Infectious Necrotic Hepatitis (Clostridium novyi), Bacillary hemoglobinuria. |
| Exogenous Infections | these result from the introduction of clostridial organisms into a wound. Ex: Malignant edema (Clostridium septicum), Gas gangree (Clostridium perfringins Type A) |
| Blackleg | dz caused by C. chauvoei. Is endogenous, worldwide, cattle + sheep. Trauma activates spores located in muscle tissue. Young cattle 3 months-2years. CS: lameness, muscle swell, crepitation from gas production. |
| Infectious Necrotic Hepatitis | dz caused by C. Novyi. Is an acute disease, sheep and sometimes cattle, associated w/ liver fluke migration. Replicates in damaged liver tissue and produces exotoxin causing hepatic necrosis. |
| Bacillary Hemoglobinuria "Red water disease" | dz caused by C. hemolyticum, associated w/ liver fluke migration, endospores dormant in liver until tissue damage, germinates into vegetative cells causing intravascular hemolysis. Leads to hepatic necrosis. Blood in urine. |
| Malignant Edema | dz caused by C. septicum. Causes necrotizing soft tissue infection, associated w/ malignant edema and C. perfringens type A w/ gas gangrene. Cause of abomastitis in sheep called Braxy. Occurs in heavy winter frost/snow. |
| Gas Gangrene | dz caused by C. perfringens. Malignant edema manifests as cellulitis w/ minimal gangrene and gas formation. Extensive bacterial invasion of damaged muscle tissue. Gas production is detectable as SQ crepitation. |
| Enteropathogenic clostridia | these are Clostridium perfingens types A to E, these exotoxins cause local and systemic effects. Dx: direct smears of mucosa or intestinal contents w/ large gram + rods, toxin neutralization test using guinea pigs + mice, ELISA test. |
| Clostridium perfingens Type D | caught by ingesting excessive food. Partially digested food moves out of rumen to intestines, high starch content enables rapid growth. Leads to symmetrical hemorrhagic lesions in basal ganglia and midbrain. Controlled by vaccs and steady diet. |
| Clostridium difficile | this bacteria in humans causes pseudomembranous colitis from overgrowth. In dogs it is found in normal stool as well as dogs affect with chronic diarrhea. Causes diarrhea and fatal necrotizing entercolitis in horses. |
| Clostridium difficile (virulence + Tx) | Virulence: is pili, capsule, and degradative enzymes. Has enterotoxin (Toxin A) and cytotoxin (Toxin B). Tx: isolation and environmental cleanup (sporocidal), Metronidazole (equine) 20mg/kg PO q 8-12 hours. |
| C. difficile in Pigs | this disease happens in 1-7 day old piglets. Will show a hx of scours since birth, seen in gilt and do litters, decreased survival rates. |
| Mycobacterium species | rod-shaped bacteria with cell walls rich in lipids and mycolic acid. Aerobic, no spores, acid fast positive using Ziehl-Neelsen stain. Ecology: soil, vegetation, water, survive months in environment. Resistant to chemical disinfection/heat tx. |
| Mycobacterium Lab Dx | Lab Dx: complex egg-enriched media required by pathogenic species, pathogenic species grow slowly and colonies are not visible for at least 3 weeks, major pathogens show. |
| Mycobacterium bovis | bacteria that causes tuberculosis in cattle. Is zoonotic, a chronic progressive dz, from badgers and deers, and spread mainly by air of infected cattle. No CS until extensive. Give primary respiratory system lesions. |
| Tuberculin Testing in Cattle | this test diagnoses tuberculosis based on delayed type hypersensitivity reaction. Put PDD (tuberculin purified protein derivative). Inject intradermally on caudal tail fold, examine at 72 hours for hard or edematous swelling. |
| False + in Tuberculin Test | a false positive on this test can happen due to sensitization o other mycobacteria in the soil. |
| False - in Tuberculin Test | a false negative on this test can happen if tested before delayed-type hypersensitivity to tuberculoproteins develop, anergy in advanced disease. |
| Cattle Tuberculosis Control | -isolate herds, slaughter of reactors, routine meat inspections. |
| Paratuberculosis M. avium subspecies paratuberculosis | Johne's Disease. Is chronic, contagious, and invariably fatal enteritis, can affect domestic and wild ruminants. Over $1.5 billion lost yearly. |
| Johne's Disease (CS, Dx, etc.) | CS: diarrhea starting until 2 yrs old, starts intermittent profuse then continuous, good appetite but wt loss, lesions on PM, thickened corrugated mucosa on SI. Dx: DNA probes of feces, fecal culture, rectal scraping. Inspect slaughtered and isolate sus |
| Enteropathogenic Clostridia in sheep/lambs | Lambs: high mortality in 1st wk of life, sudden death, high morbidiy. Adult Sheep: causes "struck," acute enterotoxemia leading to sudden death. Causes food poisoning in humans. |
| Toxin A: enterotoxin | toxin in Clostridium difficile that causes fluid accumulation in the gut and lethal PO. |
| Toxin B: cytotoxin | toxin in Clostridium difficile that is potentially lethal, does not cause fluid accumulation. |
Created by:
Riley.Scherf
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