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1610 chapter 5 vocab
chapter 5 vocabulary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| phospholipid | Any of various phosphorus-containing lipids, such as lecithin, that are composed mainly of fatty acids, a phosphate group, and a simple organic molecule such as glycerol. Phospholipids are the main lipids in cell membranes. |
| ampipathic | having two different affinities, as a polar end that is attracted to water and a nonpolar end that is repelled by it. |
| fluid mosaic model | the current accepted model of the plasma membrane and other cell membranes, in which protein molecules "float" in a fluid phospholipid bilayer. |
| integral protein | a protein that spans the bilayer. |
| peripheral protein | a protein that is associated with the surface of the bilayer |
| glycoprotein | A protein with covalently attached carbohydrates. |
| signal transduction | A process in which a cell converts and amplifies an extracellular signal into an intracellular signal that affects some function in the cell. |
| selective permeability | A membrane that allows some substances to cross it more easily than others. Biological membranes are generally permeable to water but restrict the passage of many solutes. |
| transport protein | s |
| diffusion | The net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, resulting from random motion |
| concentration gradient | A difference in the concentration of a substance from one point to another, as for example, across a cell membrane |
| equilibrium | When the rate of change in one direction is exactly the same as the rate of change in the opposite direction. |
| osmosis | The net movement of water by diffusion through a selectively permeable membrane. |
| osmotic pressure | The pressure that must be exerted on the hypertonic side of a selectively permeable membrane to prevent diffusion of water(by osmosis)from the side containing pure water |
| isotonic solution | when both of the solutions you're comparing have identical concentrations of solute molecules and hence the same osmotic pressure. |
| hypertonic solution | when one solution has an osmotic pressure(or solute concentration) less than that of the solution with which it is compared. |
| aquaporin | one of a family of transport proteins located in the plasma membrane that facilitates the rapid movement of water molecules into or out of the cells. |
| gated channel | a channel protein with a gate to select what enters into the cell. |
| carrier protein | ca |
| carrier-mediated transport | any form of transport across a membrane that uses a membrane-bound transport protein with a binding site for a specific substance; includes both facilitated diffusion and carrier-mediated active transport. |
| facilitated diffusion | the passive transport of ions or molecules by a specific carrier protein in a membrane. As in simple diffusion, net transport is down a concentration gradient, and no additional energy has to be supplied. |
| active transport | transport of a substance across a membrane that does not rely on the potential energy of a concentration gradient for the substance being transported and therefore requires an additional energy source(ATP) |
| sodium-potassium pump | Active transport system that transports sodium ions out of, and potassium ions into, cells. |
| electrochemical gradient | |
| cotransport | The active transport of a substance from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration by coupling its transport to the transport of a substance down its concentration gradient. |
| exocytosis | The active transport of materials out of the cell by fusion of cytoplasmic vesicles with the plasma membrane. |
| endocytosis | The active transport of substances into the cell by the formation of invaginated regions of the plasma membrane that pinch off and become cytoplasmic vesicles. |
| phagocytosis | a type of endocytosis by which certain cells engulf food particles, micro-organisms, foreign matter, or other cells. |
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