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Chapter 14-15 AP Bio
Chapter 14-15 AP Biology (Campbell)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| character | Heritable feature. Each variant for a character is called a trait. |
| cross-pollination | Fertililzation between different plants. |
| hybridization | mating/crossing of two varieties. |
| mono-hybrid cross | A cross that tracks the inheritance of a single character (ex: only flower color) |
| self-fertilization | Pollen from stamens land on the carpel of the same flower. |
| a)How did Mendel explain the P, F1, F2 pattern which he consistently observed in his monohybrid crosses? | 1a) Alternative versions of genes (different alleles) account for variations in inherited characters. |
| 2a) For each character, an organism inherits two alleles, one from each parent. | |
| 3a) If the two alleles differ, then one, the dominant allele, is fully expressed in the organism's appearance. | |
| *** | 4a) The two alleles for each character segregate during gamete production. (You only pass one allele 'letter' down to your children) "Law of Segregation" <The separation of alleles into separate gametes> |
| Homozygous | An organism having a pair of identical alleles for a character (ex: PP, pp) |
| Heterozygous | Organisms having two different alleles for a gene. (ex: Pp) |
| Genotype | An organism's genetic make up. |
| Test Cross | Breeding of a recessive homozygote w/ an organism of dominant phenotype, but unknown genotype. |
| Law of Independent Assortment | Independent segregation of each pair of alleles during gamete formation. (Ex: Pp separates into P, p) |
| Incomplete dominance | F1 hybrids have an appearance somewhere in between the phenotypes of the two parental varieties. (Heterozygous has separate phenotype, ex: pink flower) |
| Complete dominance | The phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are INDISTINGUISHABLE. |
| Codominance | Both alleles are separately manifest (apparent) in the phenotype. |
| b) 3 important points about dominance/ recessiveness relationships: | 1b) They range from complete dominance, through various degrees of incomplete dominance, to codominance. |
| 2b) They reflect the mechanisms by which specific alleles are expressed in phenotype and do not involve the ability of one allele to subdue another at the level of DNA. | |
| 3b) They do not determine the relative abundance of alleles in a population. (Ex: extra fingers is a dominant trait) | |
| pleiotropy | ability of a gene to affect an organism in many ways. |
| epistasis | A condition where a gene at one locus alters the phenotype expression of a gene at a second locus (Bbcc = white because it's recessive for [c]olor, so Bb/bb does not matter). |
| quantitative characters | A heritable feature (ex: human skin color, height) in a population that varies continuously as a result of environmental influences and the additive effect of 2 or more genes (polygenic inheritance). |
| Norm of reaction | Phenotypic range for a genotype (ex: some flowers' color depends on acidity of the soil) |
| multifactorial | Both genetic and environment influence phenotype. |
| pedigree | A family tree describing the occurrence of heritable characters in parents and offspring across as many generations as possible. |
| carriers | An individual who has one normal allele and one potentially harmful one. |
| recessive diseases | recessive because the allele codes for either a malfunctioning protein or no protein at all. |
| cystic fibrosis | primarily whites of European descent; strikes 1 in 2500 births (1 in 25 whites is a carrier); normal allele codes for a membrane protein that transports CI- across cell membrane; **Defective/absent channels cause high extracellular levels of CI-; |
| cf2) ..... Thicker & Stickier mucus coats around cells; mucus build-up in the pancreas, lungs, digestive tract, and causes bacterial infections**; without treatment, children die before 5; with treatment, can live past their late 20s. | |
| tay-sachs | Primarily Jews of eastern european descent and cajuns; strikes 1 in 3600 births; nonfunctional enzyme fails to breakdown lipids in brain cells |
| Phenotype | An organism's appearance. |
Created by:
jtrrran
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