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Zoology, lecture 18
Vertebrates: Urogenital system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Why do we study the urinary and reproductive systems together? | Because they develop in the same area at the same time during embryogenesis allowing the male reproductive system to take advantage of the urinary system. |
| From which embryonic germ layer does the urogenital develop? | The intermediate mesoderm--the section of mesoderm below the chorda on either side of the dorsal aorta. |
| Where does the intermediate mesoderm face? | The coelom. |
| What happens where the two intermediate mesoderms meet? | The dorsal aorta develops there. |
| From which part of the intermediate mesoderm does the urogenital system develop | From the top part that faces the coelom. |
| Urinary system development | It develops as tubules from the intermediate mesoderm below the notochord. In each segment at the front of the body there is one tubule and one nephron. |
| Nephron | The basic structural and functional unit of the kidney whose job it is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances by filtering the blood. |
| Nephrostome | Opening of the kidney--it faces the coelom. |
| Pronephric duct | The duct that receives the tubule extensions of each seuential nephron. |
| Pronephros | The joint structure of each of the frontal nephrons connected to the protonephric duct. |
| Notable characteristic of the protonephrous | There is just one pair of nephrons per segment |
| Two different types of kidneys | Some are open to the coelom and some are blind ducts. |
| Difference between the middle and first kidney | The middle has more than one nephron per kidney. |
| Bowman capsule | An outpouching of the nephron within which there is a twisted blood vessel called a glomerulus |
| Glomerulus | The twisted blood vessel inside the bowman capsule. |
| Malpighi body | The structure composed of the bowman capsule with the glomerulus inside responsible for all of the filtering in the structure. |
| Mesonephros | The middle kidney--it's the functional kidney in cyclostomata, the pronephros can be identifies in their larvae. |
| Mesonephric duct | The continuation of the protonephric duct associated with the middle kidney. |
| What is the functional kidney in sharks? | The mesonephros |
| What animals have a functional mesonephros | Cyclostoma sharks |
| What happens in the amniote urogenital system? | The kidney tube continues to grow backward forming the metanephros. |
| Metanephros | Rear kidney that grows with LOTS of nephridia--a continuation of the mesonephros but it only appears in amniotes (reptiles, birds and mammals). |
| Opisthonephros | The functional adult kidney in fish and amphibians (the mesonephros has started to disappear) |
| How does the reproductive system start to develop? | From a ridge in the coelom called the genital ridge. |
| Genital ridge | Or gonadal ridge is the precursor to the gonads. It develops at the same time as the urinary system but just a little closer to the center of the body. |
| What happens if the primary gonad is meant to become ovaries? | The inner part degenerates and a migration of cells from the embryonic yolk sac settles on the cortex covering it in egg cells thereby forming the ovaries |
| What happens if the primary gonad is meant to become testis? | The center (medulla) develops like a tubule and the surrounding part deteriorates and this tube becomes the sperm duct. |
| What happens to the urinary tract during reproductive development? | It divides in two forming the Wolf duct and the Muller duct. |
| Wolf/Muller females | The gonad develops into an ovary, the wolf deteriorates at the front and the muller forms the oviduct. The pronephros deteriorates and the remaining part of wold attaches to the urinary tract--wolf:urinary, muller: oviduct w/2 separate openings. |
| Wolf/Muller males | The gonad becomes a sperm tube that attaches to the pronephric duct before it deteriorates. There is a split but the muller deteriorates and the sperm use the urinary tract to leave the body |
| Shell gland | Part of the muller tube that expands and secretes material to cover the egg. |
| Muller tube | Deteriorates in men, carries female sex cells. Expands at the end to form the uterus. |
| Choriovitelline | Describes the yolk rich placenta found in egg laying mammals. |
| Chorioallantoic | Placenta in humans. |
| Wolf duct | In both males and females join up releasing sperm and urine in males and just urine in females |
Created by:
YaelNoa
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