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CHAPTER 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is campus sustainability? | seek ways to help colleges and universities reduce their ecological footprints through recycling programs, native plant restoration, organic gardening, and the development of "green" buildings. |
| There are many solutions to environmental problems that have arisen because of our consumption | Renewable energy sources are replacing fossil fuels.- Soil conservation, high-efficiency irrigation, and organic agriculture are making food production more sustainable. Our technology is becoming more energy efficient. Laws and technologies have redu |
| The environmental impact of humans has grown due to a combination of | human population growth and the excessive consumption of resources. |
| What is Sustainability | - Living within our planet's means.- Conserving Earth's resources so that our descendants may use them.- Maintaining fully functional ecological systems. |
| Poor people and ethnic minorities tend to be exposed to more | pollution, hazards, and environmental degradation than wealthier people. |
| Environmental justice | involves the fair and equitable treatment of all people with respect to environmental policy and practice, regardless of their income, race, or ethnicity. |
| Fossil fuels are | nonrenewable, generate pollution, and disrupt ecosystems as they are extracted and transported. |
| Aldo Leopold was originally | a forest manager who embraced the government policy of shooting predators to increase the population of deer and other game animals. |
| conservation ethic is | holds that people should put natural resources to use, but have a responsibility to use them wisely. (by Gifford Pinochet) |
| preservation ethic is | believing that the environment should be protected in a pristine, unaltered state. (by John Muir) |
| Biocentric and ecocentric worldviews increased during the | industrial revolution as human impacts on the environment amplified |
| Ecocentrism | judges actions based on their effects on ecological systems, which contain both living and nonliving elements and relationships between them. (the most holistic perspective) |
| Biocentrism | ascribes inherent value to both human and nonhuman life. |
| Anthropocentrism | is a human-centered view that evaluates costs and benefits of actions solely on their impact on people |
| Domains of concern in relation to the natural world are divided into three ethical perspectives | Anthropocentrism, Biocentrism, and Ecocentrism |
| What is environmental ethics. | The application of ethical standards to the relationships between humans and nonhuman entities |
| universalists | believe ethics are consistent across all cultures and contexts |
| Relativists is | believe that ethics vary with social context |
| The principal of utility is | holds that something is right when it produces the greatest practical benefit for the most people. |
| The categorical imperative | advises us to treat others as we would prefer to be treated ourselves |
| Ethical standards | are criteria that help make this distinction |
| What is an ethic ? | is a branch of philosophy that studies how people decide what is good and bad, right and wrong. |
| What's a paradigm? | Periodically, science will undergo shifts where one paradigm, or dominant view, is replaced by another. |
| What is a theory? | is a widely accepted, well-tested explanation of one or more cause-and-effect relationships that have been extensively validated by a great amount of testing. |
| What is peer review? | the work, meaning they provide comments and criticism and judge whether it merits publication. |
| Pie charts show | percentage breakdowns of a measurement, such as algae species. |
| Scatter plots reveal | any correlations between two variables |
| Bar graphs compare | single measurements between groups, such as average algae surface coverage. |
| Line graphs show | trends in a variable over time and Multiple lines can be used to show control and treated groups in an experiment. |
| Graphs help to make | patterns and trends in data visually apparent and easy to understand |
| What's a correlation | or statistical association, between variables. |
| Natural experiments compare | how different variables are expressed in naturally occurring, but different, contexts |
| In manipulative experiments, the researcher | actively chooses and manipulates the independent variable. |
| An experiment may disprove or fail to disprove a hypothesis, but it never | proves it to be true. |
| What is qualitative data? | which are expressed in numbers, are especially valued because numbers are easy to compare |
| What is data? | information, from their studies |
| The control | does not receive the change and serves as a point of comparison. |
| The treatment part of the experiment receives | the change |
| In a controlled experiment, only the | the independent variable changes |
| The dependent variable is | the resulting condition that depends on the independent variable |
| The independent variable is | the condition that changes and is to be tested. |
| What is the third step of the scientific method? | The scientist makes predictions, which can be directly and unequivocally tested by an experiment. |
| What's is the second step of the scientific method? | A question arises from the observation, which the scientist then attempts to explain with a hypothesis. |
| The first step of the scientific method is | First, the scientist observes some phenomenon. |
| The scientific method is | a formalized technique for testing ideas. |
| Hypothesis-driven science | uses experiments to test hypotheses as part of the scientific method. |
| Descriptive science | involves researching organisms, materials, and systems that are new or not well-known. |
| Science may also refer to the | accumulated body of knowledge that arises from observing, questioning, testing, and discovery |
| Science | is a systematic process for learning about the world and testing our understanding about it. |
| What's Environmentalism | is a social movement dedicated to protecting the natural world from undesirable changes brought on by human actions. |
| Environmental studies emphasize | the social sciences |
| social sciences | which address human interactions and institutions |
| natural studies | which focus on how the natural world works, |
| What does interdisciplinary mean | meaning it brings techniques and research from multiple disciplines together |
| Environmental science is | interdisciplinary |
| What's earth's current natural capital? | Currently, we are drawing down Earth's natural capital, a practice that is unsustainable |
| What's earth's natural capital? | its store of resources and ecosystem services, is like a bank account. |
| What's an overshoot? | because we are surpassing Earth's capacity to sustainably support our population |
| What is ecological footprint? | the cumulative area of land and water needed to provide resources and waste disposal for a typical person |
| industrial revolution | which shifted life toward an urban society powered by fossil fuels |
| agricultural revolution | when people began to grow crops and domesticate animals. |
| The human population has grown exponentially following: | The agricultural revolution, and The industrial revolution |
| What are examples of ecosystem services? | such as air and water purification, cycling of nutrients, climate regulation, pollination, and waste recycling. |
| What are nonrenewable resources? | are formed much more slowly than we use them and are no longer available once depleted. |
| Examples of exhaustible resources? | Timber, water, animal populations, and fertile soil take months to years to replenish |
| Examples of inexhaustible resources? | Sunlight, wind, and wave energy are perpetually renewed |
| What is Renewable natural resources | are replenished over short periods. |
| What are natural resources? | are the substances and energy sources that we take from the environment and rely upon to survive |
| What's environmental science? | is the study of how the natural world works, how the environment affects us, and how we affect it. |
| What does the environment consist of ? | This includes continents, oceans, clouds, and ice caps that are visible from space as well as the animals, plants, and landscapes immediately around us. |
| What's the environment? | consists of all the living and nonliving things around us. |
Created by:
manny1029
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