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Genetics 101
DNA, Genes and Chromosomes
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Gene | part of a chromosome that codes for a specific trait |
| Chromosome | threadlike structures made up of DNA molecules that contain genes |
| DNA | Deoxyribose nucleic acid -the building block of life |
| Allele | An alternate form that a gene may have for a single trait, can be dominant or recessive |
| Nucleus | Control center of the cell, contains genetic information |
| Gametes | sex cells (sperm and egg) |
| Locus | Location of a gene on a chromosome |
| Haploid | A cell having only one complete set of chromosomes (sex cells) |
| Diploid | an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes (body cells) |
| Homologous pair | Pairs of chromosomes containing the same information (autosomes) |
| Nitrogenous bases in DNA | adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine |
| Protein | An organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells |
| Karyotype | A picture of all the chromosomes in a cell arranged in pairs |
| Autosomes | Body chromosomes (1 - 22) |
| Mutation | any alterations in sequence DNA on a chromosome |
| Down Syndrome | a condition of intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. |
| Centromere | Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached |
| Chromatid | one half of a duplicated chromosome |
| Dominant | Describes a trait that covers over, or dominates, another form of that trait. |
| Point mutation | gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed |
| Substition mutation | A nucleotide base and its complimentary base pair are substituted for another. This type of mutation has a reduced effect on the resulting protein as only a single codon (and therefore a single amino acid) is altered. |
| Insertion mutation | the addition of one or more nucleotide base pairs into a DNA sequence causing a frameshift mutation |
| Deletion mutation | frame-shift mutation where a nucleotide is deleted from the genetic material |
| Frameshift mutation | mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide |
| Codon | A specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of DNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid |
| Amino acids | building blocks of proteins |
| Recessive | heritable characteristics controlled by genes which are expressed in offspring only when inherited from both parents. (rr) |
Created by:
fishb
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