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VET140- Microbiology
Review of Microbiology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Prokaryote | no nucleus/ER/golgi apparatus/lysosomes. They have cell walls, appendages, and capsules. |
| Cytoplasm | aqueous fluid filling cell membrane, contains nutrients/enzymes. Involved in synthesis, cell maintenance, and metabolism. |
| Chromosome | single circular with membrane or nucleolus, double stranded, haploid DNA, variable size. |
| Ribosomes | intracellular structures involved in all protein synthesis |
| Storage granules/Inclusion bodies | these are energy stores |
| Plasmids | small circular pieces of DNA with only a few genes, non-genomic DNA coding for antibiotic resistance, exotoxin production, autonomous replication. |
| Capsule | can be slimy o jelly like, associated with virulence (pathogen). |
| Cell Wall | structure varies with virulence and creates the characteristic gram stain properties, protects from mechanical and osmotic damage, Mycoplasma spp. so not have these. |
| Gram Negative | red from counterstain called Safranin |
| Gram Positive | purple from crystal violet, iodine is the mordant portion of the stain. |
| Call Membrane | external structure that is flexible, a phospholipid/protein structure, site of active transport of nutrients and waste products. |
| Flagella | filament shape, enables motility, attached to cell wall protein is flagellin/ |
| Pili/Fimbriae | fine hairlike structures, attached to cell wall, gram negative bacteria, for adhesion on receptor cells or conjugation/replication. |
| Endospores | can lay dormant in soil for years, highly resistant to heating and desiccation, produced by Clostridium and Bacillus spp. Account for anthrax or clostridial outbreaks following heavy flooding. |
| Macroscopic Colony Morphology | color, form, elevation, margin, etc. |
| Description of Bacteria | -macroscopic colony morphology -staining properties -microscopic morphology -microscopic arrangement |
| Microscopic Morphology | cocci, baccilli, vibrio, or spirochete |
| Microscopic Arrangement | -pairs, chains, clusters, braching |
| Monera | the kingdom name for bacteria |
| Protista | the kingdom name for eukaryotes and unicellular organisms |
| Genus | comes before species. Must always be capitalized and can be abbreviated. |
| Species | comes after the genus. Must be lowercase and either italicized or the whole word underlined. |
| Cocci/coccus | round bacteria shape, diameter of 1 micron, can be in pairs/chains/clusters, mostly gram stain positive. |
| Bacilli/Bacillus | rod shaped bacteria, 5 microns, usually seen in single ransom order. Stains: Gram stain positive and negative, Diff Quick and others |
| µm | micron |
| Spirochete | thin helical corkscrew shaped bacteria, is 10 microns, dark field or special stains. |
| Vibrio | comma shaped bacillus, classified as variation of spirochete, example: Cholera sp. |
| staphylo- | clusters |
| strepto- | chains |
| bacilli- | random |
| Branching Filaments | variation on bacilli or cocci coming from a stem like structure. |
| Culturing Requirements | -time, moisture, pH, temp, osmotic pressure, atmosphere (oxygen), nutrients. |
| Generation Time | time required for bacterial cell to produce 2 daughter cells. |
| Binary Fission | orderly increase in quantity of cellular constituents, increase in cell mass and number of ribosomes, duplication of bacterial chromosomes, synthesis of new cell wall/plasma membrane, partitioning 2 chromosomes, septum formation, cell division. |
| Colony Growth | as individual cells go through binary fission the colony as a whole will enlarge in total cell numbers. This has 4 phases. |
| 4 Phases of Colony Growth | -lag phase, exponential log phase, stationary phase, death phase. |
| Lag Phase | phase immediately after inoculation of fresh medium, no apparent cell division, cells growing in volume or mass, synthesizing enzymes/proteins/RNA, increasing in metabolic activity, length of lag phase dependent on several factors. |
| Exponential Log Phase | phase that has a pattern of balanced growth, all cells dividing regularly by binary fission, growing by geometric progression, not representative of normal bacterial growth in nature. |
| Stationary Phase | phase where bacterial numbers are stabilized. Nutrient supplies decreased, exhaustion of biological space, growth and deaths are equal, production of secondary metabolites. |
| Death Phase | phase where there's a decline in viable cell population at a rate similar to log phase, exhaustion of nutrients, build-up of toxic waste, spore formation |
| E. coli (generation) | 17 minutes |
| Bacillus megaterium (generation) | 25 minutes |
| Streptococcus lactic | 26 minutes |
| Staphylococcus aureus | 27 minutes |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus | 66-87 minutes |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 792-932 minutes (13.2-15.5 hours) |
| Acidophile | organism whose optimal pH is relatively to highly acidic |
| Neutrophile | organism whose optimal pH is near 7 Most pathogenic organisms are neutrophiles |
| Alkaphiles | organism whose optimal pH is relatively to highly alkaline |
| Psychrophile | cold-adapted |
| Mesophile | pathogens that prefer the basic human and animal pathogens (37 degrees Celcius). |
| Thermoduric | can endure short periods of high temperatures. |
| Thermophile | adapted to high temperatures |
| Osmotic Pressure | presence of large amount of dissolved substances in environment creates pressure barrier, alterations can kill both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, bacteria can change the osmotic pressure around them to survive in the host/environment. |
| Lypholization | (freeze drying) and ultra-freezing, long term preservation. |
| Plasmolysis | draw water out of cells causing shrinking of cellular cytoplasm |
| Hypobiotic State | organism goes into hibernation state, dehydrating themselves, and can remain unchanged and uncontaminated for over 30 years. |
| Halophiles | organisms that require high concentrations of dissolved salts to grow, salts draw water out of cells. |
| Obligate/Strict Aerobe | tolerate or need for atmospheric oxygen |
| Obligate/Strict Anaerobe | O2 can be poison, cultured in sealed jars. |
| Capnophiles | require high concentrations of CO2 |
| Microaerophile | grow best in presence of small amount of O2 |
| Facultative Aaerobe | can live with or without O2, grow better and faster when O2 is present. |
| Incubators | speed up colony growth by increasing temperature, most are set in the mesophilic range (35-40*C). |
| Bacterial Infections | diseases that develop when organism enters the host body, multiplies and disrupts normal body function. |
| Nosocomial Infections | infection that patients acquire from hospital environment. |
| Exoenzymes | use by microorganisms to bring substances into cytoplasm to break down or use to build ore complex substances. |
| Bacteremia | transient presence of bacteria in bloodstream |
| Septicemia | establish presence in bloodstream, multiplying and persistence that produce systemic disease. |
| Saprophytic Bacteria | bacteria that is non-pathogenic, is the majority of bacteria we encounter. Grow in organic material in the environment. |
| Commensal Bacteria | bacteria that live in a symbiotic relationship w/ host. Present on skin, oral/nasal cavities, intestinal/urogenital tracts. GI tract has 500-1000 species present. |
| Exogenous (external) | infection source from other animals, insects, environment. Can enter through skin, MM, teat canal, umbillicus |
| Endogenous (internal) | infectious source from result of breakdown of normal defense mechanisms of host through concurrent disease, malnutrition, heavy parasite burden. |
| Non-pathogens | do not produce disease, most microbes on/in the body, normal flora, commonly found in intestinal/respiratory/urinary/reproductive tracts, |
| Areas of body free of microbes | -spinal column, blood, urinary bladder. |
| Opportunistic Pathogens | produce disease, an organism that is not normally harmful but can be pathogen under certain circumstances |
| Factors influencing infection | -infective dose -tissue affinity (rabies and nervous tissue) -portal of entry -virulence -susceptibility of host |
| Capsule (Avoidance of host defense mechanism) | antiphagocytic |
| Coagulase (Avoidance of host defense mechanism) | conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, isolating infection from effective immune responses, e.g. Staph. aureus. |
| Hyaluronidase & Collagenase (Avoidance of host defense mechanism) | local invasion by breaking down host tissues. |
| Mimicry (Avoidance of host defense mechanism) | adaptation of surface antigens to avoid recognition by host immune system. |
| Exotoxins | proteins produced by live bacteria (Gram + & -), excreted by bacteria into tissue, cell membrane damage or interferes with protein synthesis, usually not pyrogenic, used as immunizing agents in vaccine. |
| Endotoxins | Lipopolysaccharide complex of cell wall, released when gram negative bacteria dies . Heat stable, less toxic than exotoxins, potent pyrogens, encoded in chromosome. |
| Pyrogen | a substance, typically produced by a bacterium, which produces fever when introduced or released into the blood. |
| Physical Barriers | -skin barrier -mucous membrane secretions |
| Chemical Barriers | -stomach pH -fatty acid secretion, discourage microbial colonization -lysozymes- saliva, tears. |
| Biological Barriers | -normal flora -immunity- phagocytosis, antibodies, inflammatory response |
| Sterile | no organisms/pathogens present |
| Aseptic | steps and guidelines to maintain or establish sterility, enables us to grow pure cultures and isolate organisms. |
| Sterilize | eliminate all microbes by killing or inactivation. |
| Sanitize | reduce number of microbes to a safe level. |
| Disinfect | inhibit or prevent growth of microbes on inanimate objects. |
| Antiseptic | inhibit or prevent growth of microbes on living tissue. |
| Chemical Sterilization | -abx -chemical application (antisepsis, disinfectants, sterilization) -food preservatives: salt, sugar |
| Physical Sterilization | -moist heat (autoclave) -dry heat -incineration -flaming -gamma irradiation -UV light -membrane filtration |
| Autoclave | steams tools under pressure. 1210C for 15 minutes at 15 psi– kills endospores 1210C for 4.5 hours at 15 psi– kills prions Gas can be used (ethylene oxide) |
| Refrigeration | 40*F |
| Freezing | 4*F |
| Boiling | 212*F |
| Pasteurization | 160*F for 15 seconds |
| Acidification | low pH |
| Increasing osmotic pressure | add salt or sugar |
| Vacuum Packing | removing oxygen for aerobes |
| Irradiation | kills organisms for food preservation |
| Pathology | the study of the cause of disease and the affects on the body of the host |
| Pathogenicity | ability to cause disease. |
| Disease | alteration of the state of a body or of some of its organs that interrupts or disturbs proper performance of bodily functions; interpreted from the host’s perspective |
| Commensal | bacteria that normally live in or on the body |
| Pathogen | organism that causes disease. |
| Opportunistic Pathogen | cause disease in some portion of hosts, associated with compromised defenses or presence of another disease |
| Frank Pathogen | cause disease in some portion of hosts, when animal is exposed whether healthy or not, not normally found in the hosts flora and/or environment |
| Etiology | cause of disease |
| Infection | host parasite relationship. |
| Virulence | disease producing potential |
| Phagocytosis | engulfing a foreign substance by phagocytes |
| Chemotaxis | chemicals released that bring phagocytes to the site needed |
| Adherence | phagocytes adhere to foreign material |
| Ingestion | ingest foreign material and fuse with lysosome for destruction |
| Contagious | can be contracted by contact |
| Communcable | capable of being transmitted via contact, aerosol, etc. |
| Noncommunicable | not capable of being transmitted |
| Acute | early stages of disease, sudden onset, typically more severe in a short period of time |
| Chronic | disease developing over a longer period of time |
| Ear Cytology | this sample is stained with Diff Quik or Gram Stain |
| Parasite Check | this sample requires a mineral oil prep. |
| Common Topical Abx for Otitis | -Otomax -Mometamax -Baytril |
Created by:
Riley.Scherf
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