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Gene Expression
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Deoxyribonucleic acid is found in the ___________of (almost) all your somatic cells. | nucleus |
| The structure of DNA was not known until the _________. • Watson, Crick, Wilkens, Franklin | 1950’s |
| • DNA occurs as a , __________ ___________with a backbone of sugar/phosphate and nitrogenous bases. | double helix |
| Transcription | Genes are transcribed from DNA into a single strand of messenger RNA (mRNA) and occurs in the nucleus of the cell |
| A ___________ is a sequence of DNA that occurs at the beginning of a gene. | promoter |
| The enzyme _________ _____________ finds the promoter, unzips the DNA, and begins the process of transcribing the gene into mRNA. | RNA polymerase |
| This elongation of the mRNA strand continues until RNA polymerase reaches the ___________ sequence of the gene. | terminator |
| _______are segments of DNA that are not involved in coding for a protein | Introns |
| The remaining segments of DNA, called_____, are spliced together. | exons |
| Translation | strand of mRNA is translated into a protein. requires the use of a ribosome. |
| codon | three-letter sequence that a ribosome will “read” the “letters” of the mRNA strand |
| ___________ RNA carries the appropriate amino acid to the ribosome as the mRNA strand is translated. | Transfer RNA (tRNA) |
| mutation | An error in the DNA copying process |
| There are _______ major types of mutation | two |
| Base substitution | mutations replace one letter (A, C, G, U) with another |
| Three types of Base substitution | • Silent mutation • Missense mutation • Nonsense mutation |
| Frameshift mutations | insert or delete a letter |
| Silent mutation | usually harmless, single change in DNA code |
| Missense mutation | mistake in code and one DNA base pair changed A→C sickle cell |
| Nonsense mutation | single alteration to base pair, results in stop codon terminating protein synthesis, protein may not function hemophilia |
| Insertion mutation example | Crohn's disease, fragile X syndrome |
| Deletion mutation example | Tay Sachs, Cystic Fibrosis |
| Duplication mutation example | Huntington's disease |
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