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Genetics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| gene | segment of DNA that codes for a particular trait |
| Genetics | study of this inheritance |
| DNA exists in linear strands called | chromosomes |
| An adult human has 23 pairs of chromosomes in its | somatic cells |
| 22 pairs of chromosomes are called | autosomes |
| other pair pair is called the | sex chromosomes |
| Homologous chromosomes | have the same sequence of genes |
| Austrian monk who wanted to explain how certain traits skipped generations. Our modern understanding of genetics began with | Gregor Mendel |
| parental generation | the first set of parents crossed |
| offspring produced by parental generation would be the | F1 generation |
| two F1 offspring to produce another generation, the | F2 generation |
| diploid | has two copies of each chromosome |
| character | a heritable feature that varies among individuals |
| alleles | Alternative versions of a gene |
| complete dominance | One allele is dominant while the other is recessive. If they occur together, the recessive allele is hidden. |
| heterozygous | two different alleles (Pp) |
| homozygous | two copies of the same allele |
| Punnett square shows | all possible offspring that can result from a union of two parental organisms. |
| two F1 offspring to produce another generation, the | F2 generation |
| phenotype | physically expressed trait |
| genotype | an organism’s genetic makeup |
| A _______________ involves crossing a dominant phenotype with a recessive phenotype and can determine the genotype of an organism with a dominant phenotype | testcross |
| Autosomal traits | are found on chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes |
| Autosomal dominant disorders include: | • Achondroplasia • Hypercholesterolemia |
| Autosomal recessive disorders include: | • Albinism • Cystic fibrosis |
| polygenic | most traits involve multiple genes • Eye color is primarily determined by two genes |
| pleiotropy | one gene controls multiple phenotypes rare, • Albinism • Marfan syndrome |
| Incomplete dominance | occurs when a heterozygous individual has a phenotype intermediate between homozygous individuals • Snapdragon flowers • Hypercholesterolemia |
| Codominance | occurs when there are multiple dominant alleles that can be equally expressed together. • Human ABO blood type |
| monohybrid cross | A monohybrid cross involves only one character (one letter) |
| dihybrid cross | Dihybrid cross involves two characters (letters) • seed color and seed texture. |
| Linked genes | genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together. • Punnett Square ratios do not apply to linked genes. |
| X and Y chromosomes | called sex chromosomes because they determine the sex of an individual. |
| Birds, most snakes, and butterflies (among others) follow the ZW inheritance model for sex determination. • ZZ is male • ZW is female True/ False | True |
| haplodiploidy. | Fertilization status determines sex •Honeybees |
| alligators and some other reptiles, sex is determined by | temperature |
| X-linked traits | additional genes that do something other than determine sex |
| • X-linked genes have a disproportionately large affect on males. Why? | • Most X-linked traits are recessive, requiring two copies of the allele to show the phenotype. • Males need only one copy of the recessive allele to show it. Females need two. |
| In cats, fur color is an X-linked trait. True/False | True |
Created by:
mosciencehelp
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