Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
OAT Biology
Circulatory, Respiratory, Digestive, and urinary systems
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| veins | carry deoxygenated blodd back to the heart |
| pulmonary circulation | right side of the heart that pumps deoxygenated blood towards the lungs |
| systemic circulation | left side pumps oxygenated blood throughout the body |
| atria | - two upper chambers of the heart - thin-walled |
| ventricles | - two lower chambers of the heart - more muscular (the left is more muscular than right) |
| blood flow (blood returning from the body ) | superior and inferior vena cava -> right atrium -> tripuspid valve -> right ventricle -> pulmonary semilunar valve -> pulmonary veins -> lungs |
| blood flow (blood returning to the lungs) | pulmonary veins -> left atrium -> bicupsid (mitral) valve -> left ventricle -> aortic semilunar valve -> systemic circulation through the aorta |
| atrioventricular (AV) valves | - located between the atria and ventricles on both sides of the heart - prevent backflow of blood into the atria during contraction |
| tricuspid valve | valve on right side of the heart has 3 cusps |
| bicuspid (mitral) valve | valve on left sige of the heart has 2 cusps |
| semilunar valves | - has 3 cusps - located between the left ventricle and aorta and between the right ventricle and pulmonary atery |
| systole | - period during which the ventricles contract - forcing blood out of the heart into pulmonary and systemic circulation |
| diastole | - period of cardiac muscle relaxation - blood drains into all four chambers |
| systolic blood pressure | measures the pressure in a patient's blood vessels when the ventricles are contracting |
| diasolic blood pressure | measures the pressure during cardiac relaxation |
| cardiac output | the total volume of blood the left ventricle pumps out per minute cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume |
| sinoatrial (SA) node | - the pacemaker - small mass of specialized tissue located in the wall of the right atrium - spreads impules through both atria stimulating them to contract simutaneously filling the ventricles |
| atrioventricular (AV) node | - slowly conducts impluses to the rest of the heart - allowing enough time for atrial contraction and for the ventricles to fill with blood |
| bundle of His (AV bundle) | - the impulse branches into the right and left bundle branches |
| purkinje fibers | - in the walls of both ventricles - stimulating a strong contraction |
| autonomic nervous system | modifies the rate of heart contraction |
| vagus nerve | - parasympathetic nervous system - causes a decrease in heart rate |
| arteries | - thick-walled, muscular, elastic vessels - transport oxygenated blood away from the heart |
| pulmonary arteries | transport deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs |
| veins | - thin-walled, inelastic vessels - conduct deoxygenated blood towards the heart |
| pulmonary veins | carry oxygenated blood from the lungd to the heart |
| capillaries | - very thin walls - composed of a single layer of endothelial cells - have the smallest diameter |
| lymphatic system | - secondary circulatory system - vessels transport lymph to the cardiovascular system keeping fluid levels in the body constant |
| lacteals | - smallest lymphatic vessels - collect fats in the form of chylomicrons from villi in the small intestine - delivers to the bloodstream via the thoracic duct at the subclavian vein bypassing the liver |
| lymph nodes | swellings along lymph vessels containing phagocytic cells |
| lymphocytes | - phagocytic cells that filter the lymph - remove and destroy foreign particles and pathogens |
| oxyhemoglobin | hemoglobin bind up to oxygen |
| carbaminohemoglobin | hemoglobin capable of binding to carbon dioxide |
| antigens | - cell-surface proteins - foreign macromolecules to the host organism - trigger an immune response |
| type A | - antigen A - anti-B antibody - donate A and AB - receive A and O |
| type B | - antigen B - anti-A antibody - donates B and AB - recieves B and O |
| type AB | - antigen A and B - no antibody - donate AB only - universal receiver |
| type O | - no antigen - anti-A and anti-B - universal donor -receive O only |
| Rh fetus | the fetal red blood cells which have the Rh factor enter maternal circulation during |
| erythroblastosis fetalis | - severe anemia in the fetus - not caused by ABO blood type mismatches between mother and fetus |
| transport of nutrients and waste | - amino acids and simple sugars absorbed into the bloodstream at the intestinal capillaries - metabolic waste products (water, urea, and carbon dioxide) diffuse into the capillaries from surrounding cells |
| platelet plug | a chemical that causes neighboring platelets to adhere to one another |
| thromboplastin | clotting factor |
| prothrombin | inactive plasma protein |
| thrombin | aid of its cofactors calcium and vitamin K converts the inactive protein |
| fibrinogen | plasma protein into fibrin |
| fibrin | - threads fibrin coat the damaged area - trap blood cells to form a clot |
| serum | fluid left after blood clotting |
| alveoli | - air-filled sacs at the terminals of the airway branches - provide moist respiratory surface for gas exchange |
| inhalation | - the diaphragm contracts and flattens - the external intercostal muscles contract - the phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm and causes it contract and flatten - increase in volume in the thoratic cavity -reduce pressure making the lungs expand |
| exhalation | - passive process - lungs and chest wall highly elastic - diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax - lungs deflate |
| surfactant | - protein complex secreted by cells in the lungs - keeps the lungs from collapsing by decreasing surface tension |
| respiratory centers | - located in the medulla obolongata - regulated ventilation |
| pulmonary capillaries | a dense network of minute blood vessels that srrounds the alveoli |
| gas exchange | diffusion across capillary walls and those of the alveoli |
| total lung capacity | the maximum volume of air the lungs can hold |
| tidal volume | the volume of air moved during a normal resting breath |
| inspiratory reserve volume | - volume of air that could be additionally inhaled into the lungs at the end of a normal resting inhalation - deep breath |
| expiratory reserve volume | the volume of air left in the lungs at the end of a normal resting exhalation |
| vital capacity | the volume of air moved during a maximum inhalation followed by a maximum exhalation |
| residual volume | there is always some air left in the lungs to keep the aveoli patent |
| oral cavity | - mouth - where mechanical and chemical digestion of food |
| mechanical digestion | breakdown of large food particles into smaller particles through physical actions |
| mastication | biting and chewing action of teeth |
| chemical digestion | enzymatic breakdown of macromolecules into smaller molecules |
| saliva | secreted in response to the presence of food in the mouth and serves to lubricate and begin digestion |
| salivary amylase | enzyme which hydrolyzes starch to maltose |
| bolus | swallowed food |
| peristalsis | involuntary muscular contractions of the esophagus |
| lower esophageal sphincter | - esophagus is closed off from the stomach by contraction of a muscular structure - protects the esophagus from the acidic gastric contents |
| gastric mucosa | lines the walls of the stomach |
| mucous cells | - in gastric pits - secrete mucus to protect the stomach lining from the harshly acidic juices present in the stomach |
| chief cells | - in gastric glands - synthesize pepsinogen which is converted to pepsin upon contact with stomach acid and break down proteins |
| parietal cells | - gastric glands -synthesize and release hydrochloric acid which alters the pH of the stomach - kills bacteria and produce intrinsic factor which is necessary for the absorption |
| chyme | acidic semifluid mixture of partially digested food |
| duodenum | - first segment of the small intestine - primary site of digestion |
| jejunum | second segment of the small intestine |
| ileum | third segment of the small intestine |
| liver | accessory digestive organ - produces bile - deoxifies blood - storage of glycogen - conversion of ammonia to urea - protein synthesis - cholestrol metabolism |
| bile | - emulsify fats - breaks down large globiles into small droplets - in absence of bile, fats cannot digested |
| first pass effect | - majority of deoxification - protect the body from ingested toxins |
| pancreas | accessory digestive organ - releases amylase, lipase, and trysinogen - secretes a bicarbonate-rich juice the neutralizes the acidic chyme - pancreatic enzymes operate optimally at higher pH |
| trypsinogen | precursor of trypsin |
| trypsin | a powerful proteolytic enzyme - activated by enterokinase - only activated once it enters the small intestine - cleaves and activates other zymogens |
| large intestine | - approximately 1.5 m long - absorbs salts and any water not already absorded by the small intestine |
| gut flora | symbiotic bacteria that produce vitamins and digest nutrients that the host organism cannot |
| gastrin | - produced in the G cells of the duodenum - primarily functions to stimulate histamine and pepsinogen - stimulates the parietal cells to produce HCl which denatures proteins and activates digestive enzymes |
| intrinsic factor | secretion of parietal cells of the stomach that facilitates the absorption of vitamin B12 across the intestinal lining |
| cholecystokinin (CCK) | - produced and stored in the I cells of the duodenal and jejunal mucosa - involved in stimulation of pancreatic enzyme - gallbladder contraction - hunger suppressant |
| secretin | - synthesized and stored in the S cells of the upper intestine - stimulates the secretion of bicarbonate-containing substances from the pancreas - inhibits gastric emptying and gastric acid production |
| ghrelin | - synthesized both in the brain and the gut - serves as the hunger hormone - increased levels cause increased appetite and feeding behavior |
| leptin | - synthesized primarily in adipose tissue (fat cells) - serves as an antagonist to ghrelin - acts on the brain to reduce hunger and provide a satiated state |
| excretion | removal of metabolic wastes produced in the body |
| aerobic respiration | production of carbon dioxide and water |
| deamination of amino acids | - in the liver - leads to the production of nitrogenous wastes (urea and ammonia) |
| elimination | the removal of indigestible material such a dietary fiber |
| kidneys | - regulate the concentration of salt and water in the blood through the formation and excertion of urine - bean-shaped - located behind the stomach and liver |
| nephrons | million functional units |
| outer cortex | -superficial -contacts fibrous capsule -houses filtration structures (nephrons) |
| inner medulla | Divided into pyramids Each medullary pyramid ends in a papilla |
| renal pelvis | acts as a funnel to drain urine from the kidney to the ureter |
| bowman's capsule | cup-shaped strucutre of the nephron of a kidney which encloses the glomerulus and which filtration takes place. |
| glomerulus | A ball of capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsule in the nephron and serving as the site of filtration in the vertebrate kidney. |
| proximal convoluted tubule | - first section of the renal tubule that the blood flows through; reabsorption of water, ions, and all organic nutrients - site of secretion for waste products (hydrogen ions, potassium ions, ammonia, and urea) |
| loop of henle | the part of a kidney tubule that forms a long loop in the medulla of the kidney, from which water and salts are resorbed into the blood. |
| distal convoluted tubule | - Between the loop of Henle and the collecting duct - Selective reabsorption and secretion occur here, most notably to regulate reabsorption of water and sodium - responds to aldosterone |
| collecting duct | - the location in the kidney where processed filtrate, called urine, is collected from the renal tubules - responsive to both aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone |
| filtration | - a passive process driven by the hydrostatic pressure of the blood - blood plasma entering the glomerulus through its capillary walls and into the surrounding Bowman's capsule |
| filtrate | - fluid and small solutes entering the nephron - isotonic with blood plasma -particles too large to filter through the glomerulus (blood cells and albumin) remain in circulation |
| secretion | - nephrons secretes waste substances such as acids, ions, and other metabolites from the interstital fluid into filtrate by both passive and active transport |
| reabsorption | - essential substances (glucose, salts, and amino acids) and water are reabsorbed from the filtrate and returned to the blood - occurs primarily in the proximal convoluted tubule passive movement of water results in the formation of concentrated urine |
| ureter | brings urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder |
| urinary bladder | urine collects until expelled via the urethra |
| descending limb of the loop of Henle | - filtrate from the PCT (salt concentration high) - dives deep into the medulla before turning around the opposite way - permeable to only water - water leaves the filtrate (osmosis) as it goes deeper into the medulla |
| osmolarity gradient | - created through the exiting and re-entry of solutes such as Na+ and Cl- at different segments of the nephron - max gradient in humans is 300mOs,/L at the cortex and 1200 mOsm/L in the deep cortex |
| ascending limb of the loop of Henle | - a change in permeability - only permeable to salts and impermeable to water - salt concentration low |
| thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle | - occurs due to the enlargement of the cells lining the tube - increased number of mitchondria, produces additional ATP need to power active transports that pump out Na+ and Cl- from the filtrate |
| countercurrent multiplier system | a system in which energy is used to create a concentration gradient |
| aldosterone | steroid hormone that upregulates active transport of sodium and potassium ions along the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct |
| antidiuretic hormone | directly affects water reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts by opening additional aquaporins |
Created by:
Jalisa.bland
Popular Biology sets