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OAT Biology
Immune, nervous, skeletal, and muscle systems
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Innate immune system | part of the immune system desgined to rapidly dispose of pathogens in a nonspecific manner |
| Granulocytes | a group of leukocytes containing granules in their cytoplasm; neutrophils, eosinphils, basophils |
| neutrophils | - a type of white blood cell that engulfs microbes by phagocytosis - first responders to inflammations |
| eosinphils | type of granulocytes, large number often present in the presence of a parasitic infection |
| basophils | a circulating leukocyte that produces histamine |
| monocytes | a agranular leukocyte that is able to migrate into tissues and transform into a macrophage |
| macrophages | -found within the lymph nodes - they are phagocytes that destroy bacteria, cancer cells, and other foreign matter in the lymphatic stream |
| dendritic cells | specialized white blood cells that patrol the body searching for antigens that produce infections |
| adaptive immunity | - immunity or resistance to a specific pathogen - slower to respond - has memory component |
| T lymphocytes (T cells) | lymphocyte that matures in the thymus and acts directly against antigens in cell-mediated immune responses |
| major histocompatibility complex proteins (MHC) | group of proteins on the cell surface that identify an individual's cells as "self" |
| cytotoxic T cells | a type of lymphocyte that kills infected body cells and cancer cells |
| T helper cells | cells that release signalling molecules to stimulate the immune response |
| natural killer T cells (NK cells) | responds to antigens presented by other types of cells |
| memory T cells function | remember antigen and stimulate immune response upon subsequent exposure (secondary response) |
| regulatory T cells | control the T-cell response |
| humoral immunity | specific immunity produced by B cells that produce antibodies that circulate in body fluids |
| B lymphocytes | form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections |
| antibodies | specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents |
| active immunity | the immunity that results from the production of antibodies by the immune system in response to the presence of an antigen |
| passive immunity | the short-term immunity that results from the introduction of antibodies from another person or animal |
| transplant rejection | identification of transplated tissue as foreign by the recipient's immune system, which responds by attacking the tissue |
| lymphatic system | - composed of a network of vessels, ducts, nodes, and organs - provides defense against infection |
| lymph nodes | - bean-shaped filters that cluster along the lymphatic vessels of the body - they function as a cleanser of lymph as well as a site of T and B cell activation |
| spleen | - a part of the lympathic system - it produces lymphocytes - filters the blood - stores blood cells - destroys old blood cells |
| dendrites | a neuron's bushy branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body |
| axon hilock | cone shaped region of axon where it joins the cell body |
| synaptic terminal | a bulb at the end of an axon in which neurotransmitter molecules are stored and released |
| synapse | a junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to the next |
| myelin | - a layer of fatty tissue encasing the fibers of many neurons - enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next |
| nodes of raniver | gaps in the myelin sheath |
| resting potential | electrical charge across the cell membrane of a resting neuron -70 mV |
| Na+/K+ pump | 3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in |
| action potential | - neural impulse - a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon |
| threshold potential | -55 mV |
| depolarization | the process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive |
| repolarization | return of the cell to resting state, caused by reentry of potassium into the cell while sodium exits |
| hyperpolarization | the movement of the membrane potential of a cell away from rest potential in a negative direction |
| presynaptic neuron | neuron that sends the signal |
| postsynaptic neuron | neuron that receives the signal |
| effector cells | muscle cells or gland cless that carry out the body's response to stimuli |
| neurotransmitters | chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons |
| afferent neurons | nerve cells that carry impulses towards the CNS |
| efferent neurons | nerve cells that conduct impulses away from the CNS |
| plexus | large interlacing network of nerves |
| dosal horn | crescent shaped projection of gray matter within the spinal cord where sensory neurons enter the spinal cord |
| ventral horn | motor neurons |
| somatic nervous system | division of the PNS that controls the body's skeletal muscles |
| autonomic nervous system | a subdivision of the PNS controls involuntary activity of visceral muscles and internal organs and glands |
| sclera | white part of the eye |
| choroid | middle vascular layer of the eye between the retina and sclera |
| retina | light sensitive layer of the eye contains rods and cones |
| photoreceptors | respond to light |
| cornea | the transparent layer forming the front of the eye |
| pupil | opening in the center of the iris |
| lens of eye | surface ectoderm |
| ciliary muscle | muscle that helps focus light on the retina by controlling the curvature of the lens of the eye |
| cones | color vision |
| rods | retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray |
| rhodopsin | the pigment in rod cells that causes light sensitivity |
| macula | high concentration of cones |
| fovea | contains only cones |
| bipolar cells | eye neurons that receive information from retinal cells and distribute information to the ganglion cells |
| ganglion cells | the specialized cells which lie behind the bipolar cells whose axons form the optic nerve which takes the information to the brain |
| optic nerve | the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain |
| amacine cells | contact bipolar and ganglion cells |
| horizontal cells | type of cell that recieves input from receptors and delivers inhibitory input to bipolar cells |
| myopia | nearsightedness |
| hyperopia | farsightedness |
| astigmatism | defective curvature of the cornea or lens of the eye |
| cataracts | clouding of the lens |
| glaucoma | increased intraocular pressure |
| pinna (auricle) | the external, visble part of the ear |
| external auditory canal | transmits sounds waves from the pinna to the tympanic membrane of the middle ear |
| middle ear | hammer, anvil, stirrup |
| ossciles | malleus, incus, stapes; bones of the middle ear |
| oval window | membrane at the enterance to the cochlea through which the ossicles transmit vibrations |
| cochlea | a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses |
| vestibule of ear | the portion of the inner ear that senses the position of the head its sensory epithelium is contained in two saclike space: the utricle and saccule |
| hair cells in ear | Modified neurons - Have steriocilia - Tallest of steriocilia is kinocilium - Steriocilia connected by tiplinks - Mechanically gated K+ channels open and close as they are pushed and pulled by tiplinks |
| auditory cortex | the area of the temporal lobe responsible for processing sound information |
| chrondrocytes | cells responsible for synthesizing cartilage |
| compact bone | hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone |
| osteons | structural unit of compact bone |
| haversian canal | channels in bone that contains blood vessels and nerves |
| lamellae | layers of bone matrix |
| spongy bone | layer of bone tissue having many small spaces and found just inside the layer of compact bone |
| endochondral ossification | process of transforming cartilage into bone |
| intramembranous ossification | bone develops from a fibrous membrane |
| origin | attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during muscular contraction |
| insertion | the attachment of muscle tendon to moveable bone or the end opposite the origin |
| flexion | bending a joint |
| antagonist muscle | muscle or muscle group that has the action opposite to a particular agonist muscle |
| pyramidal system | the system responsible for controlling voluntary motor movements |
| extrapyramidal system | part of the basal ganglia that modulates motor activity |
Created by:
Jalisa.bland
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