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OAT Biology

Evolution, Ecology, Developmental, and Taxonomy

TermDefinition
Lamarkian Evolution Organisms change in the response to their environment and offspring inherit these changes
acquired characteristics traits altered by an individual organism during its life
Darwin's Theory of natural selection - survival of the fittest - nature chooses the organism best adapted to it to survive and reproduce - the beneficial traits will produce more offspring than less favorable genetic traits
natural selection a process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits
overpopulation more offspring are produced than can survive
Hugo de Vries proposed the mutation theory of evolution
variation differences in physical traits of an individual from the group to which it belongs
inheritance of variations individuals that survive live to adulthood to reproduce and thus transmit these faorable variations or adaptations to their offspring. these favored genes gradually dominate the gene pool
competition developing population must compete for necessities of life
speciation formation of new species
demes small, local populations that form within a species ex: beavers along a specific portion of a river
isolated detached or separated alone
phylogeny evolutionary history of a species or group of species
convergent evolution two different species from different lineages show similar characteristics because they occupy similar environments ex: sharks and dolphins
parallel evolution two related species that have made similar evolutionary adaptations after their divergence from a common ancestor ex: marsupial and placental mammals
divergent evolution when species with a shared ancestor develop differing traits due to dissimilarites between their environments ex: polar bears and black bears
adaptive radiation the emergence of a number of lineages from a single ancestral species
niche an organism's particular role in an ecosystem
population all member of a particular species inhabiting a given location
gene pool the sum total of all alleles for any given trait in the population
gene frequency decimal fraction representing the presence of an allele for all members of a population that have this particular gene
hardy-weinberg principle prinicple that states that allele frequencies in a population remain constant unless one or more factors cause those frequencies to change
hardy-weinberg principle conditions 1. no mutations 2. large population 3. random mating 4. no migration 5. equal genotypes
hardy-weinberg equation p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
microevolution change in allele frequencies in a population over generations
agents of microevolutionary change - natural selection - mutation - assortive mating - genetic drift - gene flow
mutations - gene mutations change allele frequencies in a population - shifitng gene equilibria by introducing additional alleles
assortive mating mating of individuals with similar phenotypes
sexual selection natural selection for mating success
genetic drift a change in the genetic composition of a population over time as a result of random mating
founder effect occurs when an few individuals become isolated from a larger population
bottleneck effect a reduction in the genetic diversity of a population caused by a reduction in its size
gene flow migration of individuals between populations
Created by: Jalisa.bland
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