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Biologyexam
exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How many chromosomes do humans have? | 46 |
| Autotrophs are... | "self-feeders" includes plants and other organisms that make their own organic material |
| Heterotrophs are... | "other feeders" includes animals and fungi |
| Consumers are... | eat plants and/or animals |
| Producers are... | the plants and other autotrophs |
| Name the Ingredients and Products of photosynthesis | Carbon dioxide and water. Chloroplasts rearrange the atoms and produce glucose and other organic material. The by product that is released is oxygen gas. |
| Explain the cycle between cellular respiration and photosynthesis | The chloroplasts in plants convert light energy into chemical energy. Cellular respiration in the mitochondria of animals harvests the food energy to generate ATP which directly drives most cellular work. Chemical elements essential for life recycle. |
| Aerobic is... | the main way that chemical energy is harvest from food and converted into ATP |
| Explain the parallel between breathing and cellular respiration | cellular respiration needs a cell to exchange gases with its surroundings. |
| Glycosis in cellular respiration... | a molecule of glucose is split into two molecules or a compound called pyruvic acid. The enzymes for glycosis are found in the cytosol. This process does not require oxygen. |
| Cytric Acid Cycle | completes the break down of sugars all the way to CO2, the waste product of cellular respiration. The enzymes are dissolved into the fluid within the mitochondria. Glycosis and the cytric acid cycle generate 2 ATP. |
| Electron Transport | Releases energy your cells need to make most of the ATP. Hydrogen is delivered to protein carriers. H atoms are split into ions and electrons in the mitochondria. |
| Chloroplasts | organelles present in certain plant cells. all green parts have chloroplasts and can carry out photosynthesis. Leaves. |
| Chlorophyll | the green color in plants comes from pigment molecules. It absorbs the light energy that the chloroplasts put to work in making food |
| Stroma | in the chloroplasts inner membrane, a compartment filled with thick fluid |
| Thylakoids | suspended in the stroma, an elaborate system of interconnected membranous sacs |
| Grana | concentrated sacs of thylakoids |
| Equation for photosynthesis | Carbon dioxide + water |
| Equation for cellular respiration | glucose + oxygen |
| Chlorophyll A | absorbs mainly blue-violet and red light. It is the pigment that participates directly in the light reactions |
| Chlorophyll B | absorbs mainly blue and orange light. It does NOT participate directly in the light reactions but it broadens the range of light that a plant can use by conveying absorbed energy to chlorophyll a which then puts energy to work in the light reactions |
| Cartenoids | yellow-orange pigments that absorb mainly blue green light |
| What are light reactions? | converts solar energy to chemical energy by using light energy to drive the synthesis of of two molecules: ATP and NADPH |
| What is the Calvin Cycle | occurs in the stroma and makes sugar from carbon dioxide. The ATP generated by the light reactions provides the energy from sugar synthesis. It requires light but only indirectly. |
| C3 | uses CO2 directly from the air and is converted into C3. The stomata must be open for this to occur |
| C4 | can happen with close stomata. Mostly in hot and dry places. photosynthesis happens during the night. |
| CAM | conserves water by opening its stomata and admitting CO2 mainly at night and releases it in the calvin cycle during the day. |
| Chromosomes | DNA containing structures that carry an organisms genetic legacy |
| Chromatin | a combination of DNA and protein molecules that make up chromosomes |
| Sister Chromatids | two identical copies of chromosomes |
| Mitosis | the nucleus and its contents divide and are evenly distributed forming two daughter nuclei |
| Meiosis | halves the number of chromosomes and exchanges genetic material between homologous chromosomes. |
| Cytokenisis | the cytoplasm is divided in two |
| somatic cell | a typical human body cell with 46 chromosomes |
| homologous chromosomes | carry versions of the same gene |
| autosomes | the remaining chromosomes in both male and female |
| gametes | egg and sperm |
| interphase | DNA synthesis - chromosome duplicatoin |
| prophase | chromatin condenses - proteins cause the homologous chromosomes to stick together in pairs, spindle forms and tetrads go towards center |
| metaphase | tetrads are aligned sister chromatids are still attached to their centromeres |
| anaphase | chromosomes migrate toward the poles of cells, sister chromatid migrate as pair |
| telophase | chromosomes arrive at the poles, each pole has a haploid chromosome set |
| Amniocentesis and CVS | allows expecting parents to know what kind of disabilities their children will have |
| Gregor Mendels Hypothesis | there are alternate forms of genes called alleles for each characteristic an organism inherits two alleles one from each parent alleles can be dominant or recessive gametes carry only one allele for each characteristic |
| Law of segregation | the two members of each allele pair separate from each other during the production of gametes |
| Loci | a place on a chromosome |
| Pleitropy | the impact of a single gene on one or more characteristics |
| polygenic inheritance | that additive of two or more genes on one phenotype (skin) |
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joogiebug
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