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Biology: micro
bacteria & viruses
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| define virus. | a virus is a NON-LIVING, infectious particle composed of a nucleic acid and a protein coat; it can invade a destroy a cell. |
| define pathogen. | a pathogen can be a virus, microorganism, or other substance that causes disease, an infectious agent. |
| define bacteriophage. | a bacteriophage is a virus that infects bacteria. |
| define toxin. | a toxin is a substance that is produced by one organism and that is poisonous to other organisms. |
| define pilus. | a pilus is a short, think appendage that allows a bacterium to attach to another bacterium. |
| define prion. | a prion is an infectuous particle that consists only of a protein and does not contain DNA or RNA. |
| define viroid. | a viroid is an infectuous agent that consists of a small strand of RNA and that causes diseases in plants. |
| define antibiotic. | an antibiotic is a substance that can inhibit the growth of or kill some microorganisms. |
| define capsid. | a capsid is a protein sheath that surrounds the nucleic acid core in a virus. |
| define envelope. | an envelope is a membrane-like layer that covers the capsids of some viruses. |
| define provirus. | a provirus is viral DNA that has attached to a host cell's chromosome and that is replicated with the chromosome's DNA. |
| define bacteria. | bacteria is a single-celled or noncellular spherical or spiral or rod-shaped organisms lacking chlorophyll that reproduce by fission. |
| define microbiology. | microbiology is the field of science that studies microscopic organisms. |
| what kind of microscopic organisms are studied in microbiology? | bacteria, protozoa, algae, fungi, viruses, etc. |
| true or false: microscopic organisms are completely self-sufficient and are fully capable of performing life functions within their one-celled bodies. | true. |
| what 4 fields are microbiology used in? | medicine, industry, agriculture, & ecology. |
| in early history how was salt used? | salt was used to preserve food and was also used on long voyages to prevent spoilage. |
| what did FRANCIS BACON suggest? | he suggested freezing food. |
| what did LOUIS PASTEUR disapprove of? | he disapproved spontaneous generation. |
| what did ROBERT KOCH prove and study? | he proved nature are causes of communicable diseases. he also studied anthrax, which affected cows and sheep and humans. |
| what did ROBERT KOCH develop? | he developed agar, a gelatin like substance used to grow microorganisms. |
| what do bacteria lack? | a true nuclei. |
| what 3 phyla are in monera? | 1) schizophyta 2) cyanophyta 3) prochlorophyta. |
| what is schizophyta? | bacteria. |
| what is cyanophyta? | blue-green algae. |
| what is prochlorophyta? | algae. |
| what is the average measure of a bacterium? | one micron. |
| how many bacteria would it take to cover the period at the end of a sentence? | 300,000. |
| coccus is what shape of bacteria? | sphere-shaped (plural:cocci). |
| bacillus is what shape of bacteria? | rod-shaped (plural:bacilli). |
| spirillum is what shape of bacteria? | spiral-shaped (plural:spirilla). |
| what group of bacteria is diplo? | in pairs. |
| what group of bacteria is staphylo? | clusters. |
| what group of bacteria is strepto? | chains. |
| what type of eating habits do a bacteria with autoptophs have? | self-feeding, use energy from the sun to create food; they accomplish photosynthesis, also they don't use water and don't make oxygen as a by product. |
| what type of eating habits do a bacteria with heterotrophs have? | decomposers, derive energy from organic materials, they have specialized enzymes called saprophytes to digest food. |
| what type of eating habits do a bacteria with chemosynthesis have? | derive energy from chemical breakdown of inorganic material. |
| bacteria who "need oxygen" are? | obligate aerobes. |
| bacteria who "can't tolerate oxygen" are? | obligate anaerobes. |
| bacteria who "can live with or without oxygen" are? | facultative anaerobes. |
| how do bacteria reproduce through binary fission? | they split in half, and each new bacterium is identical to the parent cell. |
| what is the most common way bacteria reproduce? | binary fission. |
| how do bacteria reproduce through conjugation. | they exchange nucleic/genetic material between 2 organisms |
| how do bacteria protect themselves when they have a slime capsule? | it is found in mosses, the part that contains spores; in bacteria, a protective layer of polysaccharides around the cell wall, it keeps the host from attacking it. |
| how do bacteria protect themselves when they have an endospore? | it is a thick-walled protective spore that forms inside a bacterial cell and resists harsh conditions. |
| what did ALEXANDER FLEMING discover? | the first antibiotic. |
| how did ALEXANDER FLEMING discover the first antibiotic? | by growing staphylococcus when penicillum notatum contaminated hiw work. |
| what is an example of good bacteria? | escherichia coli, it helps you because it lives in your intestines and helps digest your food. |
| what is botulism? | it is a toxin produced by botulinum and is the strongest toxin known to man kind. |
| cholera spreads bacteria through? | food. |
| dysentery spreads bacteria through? | water. |
| tetanus spreads bacteria through? | wound infections. |
| pneumonia spreads bacteria through? | human contact. |
| bubonic plagus spread bacteria through? | insect-human contact. |
| virus is a latin word for? | poison. |
| how are viruses measured? | in millimicrons/micrometers. |
| true or false: micrometers are 1/1000th of a micron. | true. |
| what sizes are viruses usually? | 0.02-0.03 millimicrons. |
| what is the only way viruses can be viewed? | through an electron microscope. |
| since viruses are non-cellular what 4 things do they not contain? | nucleus, cytoplasm, membrane, & cell walls. |
| what 2 things are a virus composed of? | a nucleic acid that is surrounded by a DNA/RNA protein coat. |
| what is the protein coat that surrounds the nucleic acid of a virus called? | a capsid. |
| what percent does the capsid make up of the body of the virus? | 95 percent. |
| what determines the shape of the virus? | the arrangement of the proteins in the capsid. |
| true or false: when a virus is outside of a host, it does not have the ability to infect a host. | false. |
| how do we protect ourselves from viruses? | by producing antibodies the virus' glycoprotein. |
| define antibody. | a protein secreted by cells in the immune system in response to a foreign substance in the body. |
| true or false: viruses cannot reproduce themselves unless they have invaded a host cell. | true. |
| what is the type of reproduction cycle in viruses that kills its host? | the lytic cycle (a.k.a. the virulent cycle). |
| what are the 5 main stages of the lytic cycle? | adsorption, entry, replication, assembly, & release. |
| how many new viruses can one host cell produce in this cycle? | up to 300. |
| what is the type of reproduction cycle in viruses that can be inactive for generations? | the lysogenitic cycle. |
| what 3 stages are there in the lysogenitic cycle? | attachment, replication, & activation. |
| define transduction. | the process of a virus transferring genetic information from one host cell to another. |
| what are the 2 types of transduction? | 1) general transduction 2) special transduction. |
| define aseptic. | without microorganisms. |
| what are some aseptic techniques? | handwashing, using goggles, maintaining a sterile field, etc. |
| define antimicrobial. | an agent or action that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms. |
| define antiseptic. | a chemical agent that is applied topically to inhibit the growth of microorganisms. |
| define asepsis. | prevention of microbial contamination of living tissues or sterile materials by excluding, removing or killing microorganisms. |
| define bactericide. | a chemical or physical agent that kills vegetative bacteria. |
| define bacteriostat. | an agent that prevents multiplication of bacteria. |
| define commensals. | non-pathogenic microorganisms that are living and reproducing as human or animal parasites. |
| define pasteurization. | a process that kills nonspore-forming microorganisms by hot water or steam at 65-100 degrees celcius. |
| define pathogenic. | a species that is capable of causing disease microorganism in a susceptible host. |
Created by:
Lauren_Chambless
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