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Photosynthesis
Chapter 5
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Energy | ability to perform work (move matter) |
| Solar energy | energy from the sun |
| An autotroph | an organism capable of harnessing this solar energy and converting inorganic carbon (CO2) into organic carbon (C6H12O6) |
| photosynthesis | The process by which autotrophs convert inorganic carbon to organic carbon |
| In photosynthesis the reactants are | carbon dioxide and water |
| In photosynthesis the products are | glucose and molecular oxygen |
| Autotrophs are also called producers because | they produce organic matter from inorganic carbon |
| Phytoplankton | free-floating algae |
| Zooxanthellae | live with corals in coral Reefs |
| Pigment | molecule that absorbs certain wavelengths while reflecting others. |
| Chlorophyll | pigment molecule required for chloroplasts to conduct photosynthesis. |
| Chlorophyll directly harnesses_____________. Chlorophyll doesn’t ____________ wavelengths between 520 and 600 nanometers, so it is ___________ and we observe green | sunlight, absorb, reflected |
| Glucose has a lot of __________________. • Photosynthesis involves an _________________ ___________________. | potential energy, energy transformation |
| Once photosynthesis no longer being conducted in autumn, _____________ ___________ _______________ . This reveals accessory pigments. Accessory pigments ___________ additional visible light for the plant. | chlorophyll breaks down, absorb |
| Xanthophyll reflects___________. Anthocyanins reflect ___________ and ________. Carotenes reflect ____________ and __________. | yellow , red and violet, orange and red |
| In leaves, chloroplasts are concentrated in the _____________or middle section of the leaf. | mesophyll |
| stomata | Pores that are found in the epidermis of the leaf. |
| Chloroplasts are surrounded by a _____________ membrane. | double |
| Chlorophyll is embedded in the____________ ___________ . | thylakoid membrane |
| The fluid interior of the chloroplast is called the ____________ . Suspended within the stroma are several stacks of hollow pancake-like structures called _____________. | stroma, thylakoids |
| Thylakoids consist of membrane surrounding open space. This open space is called the ______________ ____________. | thylakoid space |
| The ______________requires sunlight. It uses solar energy to produce two energy-rich molecules, NADPH and ATP. | light reaction |
| The _____________ ___________ uses the energy from NADPH and ATP to convert carbon dioxide to sugar. It does not directly require _____________ . | Calvin cycle, Sunlight |
| Embedded within the thylakoid membrane is a protein complex called ___________________. | photosystem II |
| Photosystem ____ contains chlorophyll pigment molecules. | II |
| A_________ _________ is necessary for the light reaction to begin. | water molecule |
| The water molecule ____________ and ___________ two electrons (from its hydrogens) to photosystem II. Oxygen and two protons are leftovers from the split. Excess oxygen is ultimately released from the plant. | splits and donates |
| Incoming solar energy is captured by ____________ and directed to the electrons donated from water. The electrons having no energy are “energized” by sunlight, and now are full of energy. | chlorophyll |
| After being energized, they are passed along an ___________ _____________ ________________ , losing energy as they go along. | electron transport chain |
| Energy released by the electron is used to ___________ transport protons (H+) into the thylakoid space. • This creates a massive concentration gradient between the two sides of the thylakoid membrane. | actively |
| Think of it like water on one side of a dam. Like a dam, this concentration gradient now has potential energy. This potential energy is used to produce __________ . | ATP |
| In Photosystem I, sunlight “____________” the same electron again. | energizes |
| Before the electron is able to lose its energy, it is captured by NADP+, an ______________ ___________ . NADP+ becomes NADPH upon receiving the electron. | electron carrier |
| NADPH carries the electron (still full of energy) to the second stage of photosynthesis, the ____________ ______________. | Calvin Cycle |
| The Calvin Cycle | occurs in the stroma and does not directly use sunlight (it cannot occur without ATP & NADPH from the light reaction) |
| In the Calvin Cycle, __________ ____________is physically converted into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P), which is ultimately a precursor to glucose sugar. | carbon dioxide |
| The first step of the Calvin Cycle is Three molecules of CO2 are incorporated or “fixed” into the cycle. | carbon fixation |
| Rubisco, These three molecules then split into six molecule of phosphoglyceric acid (3-PGA). | The enzyme that joins CO2 with three molecules of Ribulose Biphosphate (RuBP). |
| The second step of the Calvin Cycle ____ molecules of NADPH release electrons, which energize the phosphoglyceric acid molecules and convert them to energy-rich G3P (a precursor to sugar). ATP also ________ energy in this process. | reduction of phosphoglyceric acid , six, donates |
| reduction involves | the gain of electrons |
| The third step of the Calvin Cycle is the_________ of _______. _____molecule of G3P leaves the cycle. It will be used to produce glucose and other sugar molecules. Five molecules of G3P remain in the cycle. | release of G3P, One |
| In order for the cycle to continue, ___________ must be regenerated. With RuBP regenerated, the cycle can repeat, with incoming CO2 molecules starting the process once again. | ribulose biphosphate (RuBP ) |
| In this step, the five remaining molecules of G3P are ________ __________into three molecules of RuBP. | chemically rearranged |
| In hot weather, plants close their stomata to minimize water loss. This leads to a __________ of _____. | buildup of O2 |
| photorespiration. | plants begin using O2 instead of CO2 in the Calvin Cycle, causing them to waste energy and not produce sugars |
| Two types of adaptations exist for survival in dry weather. C4 plants | move carbon into specialized cells called bundle-sheath cells. Grasses and corn |
| CAM plants | only open their stomata at night, taking in and then banking CO2 that they can later use it during the day. Succulents (cacti) |
| Stomata allow______ to enter the leaf and _____ to exit | CO2, O2 |
| C3 plants | most plants |
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mosciencehelp
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