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GEO 1305 Exam 1
Meterology Ch 1-4 /Texas State
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| atmosphere 4 homosphere 6 heterosphere 6 | GASSES, DROPLETS, PARTICLES SURROUNDING EARTH'S SURFACE. HOMOSPHERE: CONSIDERED VIRTUALLY ENTIRE ATMOSPHERE. HETEROSPERE: ABOVE HOMOSPHERE. NO TRULY PERMANENT GASES. LIGHTWEIGHT HYDROGEN/HELIUM INCREASINGLY DOMINANT. |
| permanent gases 6 | CONSTANTLY = 99.99% OF ATMOSPHERE MASS. 78% NITROGEN, 21% OXYGEN [99%]; .038% CARBON DIOXIDE, .01% OZONE |
| variable gases 7 | ATMOSPHERIC DISTRIBUTION VARIES GREATLY IN TIME/SPACE: VERTICALLY, HORIZONTALLY, SEASONALLY. 1% WATER VAPOR, .93% ARGON, .002% NEON |
| absorption 60 | ENERGY TXFR AS RADIATION IS CAPTURED (ABSORBED) BY MOLECULES. atmospheric gases, particulates, and droplets all reduce the intensity of isolation thru THIS. |
| specular reflection 60 | LIGHT STRIKING A MIRROR IS REFLECTED BACK AS A BEAM OF EQUAL INTENSITY. |
| diffuse reflection/scattering 60 | DUST/WATER DROPS/ICE/ETC REDIRECT OR DISPERSE RADIATION. [NO ENERGY TXFR! DOES NOT HEAT ATMOSPHERE!] |
| direct radiation 60 | SUNLIGHT WHICH PASSES THOUGH THE ATMOSPHERE W/O ABSORPTION OR SCATTERING. |
| Rayleigh scattering 61 | AGENTS MUCH SMALLER THAN RADIATION'S WAVELENGTH SCATTER RADIATION. [ATMOSPHERE- THE SCATTERING OF VISIBLE RADIATION BY AIR MOLECULES] |
| nonselective scattering 63 | ALL RADIATION WAVELENGTHS ARE SCATTERED ABOUT EQUALLY, BY CLOUDS. |
| planetary albedo 64 | UNITS OF SOLAR RADIATION (EARTH = 30%...25-ATMOSPHERE, 5-SURFACE) WHICH ARE SCATTERED BACK INTO SPACE. EARTH VIEWED FROM SPACE SHINES MOSTLY FROM ATMOSPHERIC REFLECTION. |
| atmospheric window 67 | RANGE OF WAVELENGTHS (ABOUT 8-12UM) NOT READILY ABSORBED BY ATMOSPHERE GASES |
| net longwave radiation 68 | THE DIFFERENCE BTWN ABSORBED AND EMITTED LONGWAVE RADIATION. (ATMOSPHERE = -54 UNITS, SURFACE = 16 UNITS) |
| net ("allwave") radiation 68 | LONGWAVE + SHORTWAVE RADIATION; ABSORBED - EMITTED RADIATION...THE NET ENERGY GAINED OR LOST BY RADIATION. |
| laminar boundary layer 69 | (CONDUCTION) WARMING OF THE GROUND DURING DAYTIME SETS UP A TEMPERATURE GRADIENT WITHIN A VERY THIN, ADJACENT SLIVER OF AIR. (A FEW MILLIMETERS IN THICKNESS, RESISTS MIXING) |
| free convection 70 | BUOYANCY RELATED MIXING PROCESS; THE TENDENCY FOR LIGHTER FLUID TO FLOAT UPWARD WHEN SURROUNDED BY DENSER FLUID. (MILK BUBBLING = FREE CONVECTION AT WORK...AIR INJECTED RISES UPWARD B/C OF LESSER DENSITY, CAUSING TURBULENT MIXING) |
| forced convection/mechanical turbulence 70 | OCCURS WHEN FLUID BREAKS INTO DISORGANIZED SWIRLING MOTIONS, AS IT UNDERGOES LARGE-SCALE FLOW. USUALLY GENERATED BY HIGHER WIND SPEEDS. |
| latent heat 72 | 1. ENERGY PRESENT IN WATER VAPOR, USED IN CONVERTING LIQUID TO GAS...RELEASED UPON CONDENSATION. 2. ENERGY ASSOC. W/ CHANGE OF PHASE OF A SUBSTANCE |
| advection 73 | LOW LATITUDE ENERGY SURPLUS IS OFFSET BY HORIZONTAL MVMT OF HEAT, MOISTURE, ETC. CAUSES PRESSURE TO BUILD. ASSOC. W/ GLOBAL WIND SYSTEMS & OCEAN CURRENTS. PREVENTS TROPICS, SUBTROPICS, EXTRATROPIC REGIONS FROM CONTINUAL HEATING/COOLING. |
| greenhouse effect 73 | INTERACTIONS WHICH WARM THE ATMOSPHERE COLLECTIVELY. DO NOT IMPEDE TXFR OF LATENT AND SENSIBLE HEAT |
| isotherm 75 | LINE ON A WEATHER MAP CONNECTING POINTS OF = TEMP. MOVING ALONG AN ISOTHERM, THERE IS NO CHANGE IN TEMP. TEMP GRADIENTS ARE PERPENDICULAR TO ISOTHERMS. |
| inversion 78 | TEMP INCREASES W/ INCREASING ALTITUDE. REVERSE OF NORMAL PATTERN. |
| continentality 78 | INLAND LOCATIONS FAVOR GREATER TEMP EXTREMES 1SPECIFIC HEAT OF WATER = 5X GREAT AS LAND 2RADIATION RCVD @ WATER SURFACE PENETRATES DEEPLY, DISTRIBUTES ENERGY VASTLY 3WTRS EVAPORATION CAUSES LESS WARMING 4WTR MIXES EASILY, ENERGY FLOWS TO LOWER TEMP AREAS |
| maximum thermometer 82 | TEMP SHOWN INDICATES HIGHEST TEMP EXPERIENCED SINCE LAST RESET. MERCURY; CANNOT USED DYED ALCOHOL. TUBE BEYOND BULB = NARROW CONSTRICTION, ALLOWS MERCURY EXPANSION OUTWARD WHEN TEMP INCREASES, PREVENTS IT FROM CONTRACTING BACK WHEN TEMP DECREASES. |
| minimum thermometer 82 | CAN ONLY CONTAIN DYED ALCOHOL, HAS SMALL INDEX INSIDE. |
| bimetallic strip 83 | TWO THIN STRIPS OF DIFFERENT METALS BONDED TOGETHER. INCLUDED IN THERMOGRAPH |
| thermograph 83 | GIVES CONTINUOUS RECORD OF TEMPERATURE |
| resistance thermometer 83 | SENDS ELECTRICAL CURRENT THROUGH A VERY THIN FILAMENT MADE OF CONDUCTOR/SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIAL EXPOSED TO AIR. MEASURES RESISTANCE TO ELECTRICAL CURRENT, DETERMINES AIR TEMP. |
| radiosonde 83 | INSTRUMENT PACKAGE CARRIED BY A BALLOON, USED TO MEASURE VERTICAL PROFILES OF TEMPERATURE, MOISTURE, AND PRESSURE. MEASUREMENTS ARE RADIOED TO THE GROUND FROM THE INSTRUMENT CLUSTER. |
| wind chill temperature index 86 | INDEX OF APPARENT TEMP USED FOR COLD CONDITIONS THAT INCORPORATES AIR TEMP AND WIND SPEED. |
| heating-degree-days 88 | INDEX OF AMT. OF SEASONAL HEATING REQ. FOR A LOCATION. CALCULATED BY SUBTRACTING DAILY MEAN TEMP FROM A BASE TEMP (USUALLY 65F) AND SUMMING THE DIFFERENCES. DAYS W/ MEAN TEMP ABOVE THE BASE ARE IGNORED IN THE CALCULATION. |
| cooling degree-days 88 | INDEX OF AMT. OF SEASONAL AIR CONDITIONING REQ. FOR A LOCATION. CALCULATED BY SUBTRACTING A BASE TEMP (USUALLY 65F) FROM THE DAILY MEAN TEMP AND SUMMING THE DIFFERENCES. DAYS W/ AVG TEMP BELOW THE BASE ARE IGNORED IN THE CALCULATION. |
| growing degree-days 88 | INDEX FOR ESTIMATING WHEN CROPS WILL HAVE UNDERGONE ENOUGH GROWTH TO SEND THEM TO MARKET. CALCULATED BY SUBTRACTING A BASE TEMP FOR A PARTICULAR CROP FROM THE DAILY AVG TEMP AND SUMMING DIFFERENCES. |
| thermodynamic diagram 88 | DETERMINES HEIGHT/THICKNESS OF EXISTING CLOUDS & EASE WITH WHICH AIR CAN BE VERTICALLY MIXED (DEV. OF PRECIPITATION). DATA OBTAINED FROM RADIOSONDES. |
| Stuve diagram 90 | TYPE OF THERMODYNAMIC DIAGRAM USED FOR PLOTTING TEMP (AS A FUNCTION OF THE PRESSURE LVL) AND MOISTURE PROFILES. TEMP - HORIZONTAL AXIS; PRESSURE - VERTICAL AXIS "LOGARITHMIC" SCALE MIMICS REAL ATMOSPHERE PRESSURE DECREASE |
| June solstice 47 | NORTH HEMISPHERE HAS MAX TILT TOWARD SUN. SUMMER SOLSTICE. N. HEMISPHERE HAS GREATEST AVAILABILITY OF INSOLATION. "1ST DAY SUMMER" |
| December solstice 48 | MINIMUM AVAILABILITY OF SOLAR RADIATION. "WINTER SOLSTICE" 1ST DAY WINTER NORTHERN HEMISPHERE, 1ST DAY SUMMER SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. |
| March equinox 48 | VERNAL/SPRING EQUINOX IN THE NORTH HEMISPHERE. EVERY PLACE ON EARTH HAS 12 HRS DAY/NIGHT, BOTH HEMISPHERES RCV. = ENERGY |
| September equinox 48 | AUTUMNAL EQUINOX IN NORTH HEMISPHERE. EVERY PLACE ON EARTH HAS 12 HRS DAY/NIGHT, BOTH HEMISPHERES RCV. = ENERGY |
| Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn 48 | CANCER: LATITUDE LINE 23.5N...N LIMIT OF SOLAR DECLINATION CAPRICORN: LATITUDE 23.5S...S LIMIT OF SOLAR DECLINATION |
| solar declination 48 | LATITUDE OF OVERHEAD SUN; THE PLACE WHERE ONE WOULD GO TO FIND THE SUN DIRECTLY OVERHEAD AT NOON. |
| Arctic & Antarctic circles 49 | ARCTIC: 65.5 N, MARKING THE SOUTHERN LIMIT OF NORTHERN HEMISPHERE LOCATIONS THAT CAN RECEIVE 24H OF DAYLIGHT/DARKNESS. ANTARCTIC: 65.5 S, NORTHERN LIMIT OF SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE LOCATIONS THAT CAN REC. 24H DAYLIGHT/DARKNESS |
| beam spreading 50 | PROCESS WHEREBY A BEAM OF RADIATION IS DISTRIBUTED OVER A LARGER HORIZONTAL AREA AS THE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE DEPARTS FROM VERTICAL. REDUCES THE INTENSITY OF RADIATION ABSORPTION BY SURFACE |
| reflection 60 | process whereby radiation making contact with some material is simply redirected away from the surface without being absorbed. DOES NOT HEAT REFLECTOR |
| albedo 60 | percentage of visible light reflected by an object or substance. |
| Mie scattering 63 | microscopic aerosol particles are larger than air molecules and scatter sunlight by this process. |
| extraterrestrial radiation 64 | amount of insolation at the top of the atmosphere. |
| sensible heat 70 | transfer of energy... when energy is added to a substance, an increase in temp can occur that we physically sense. |
| specific heat 70 | amount of energy needed to produce a given temp change per unit mass of the substnace. |
| thermistor 83 | type of resistance thermometer that uses a ceramic semiconductor instead of a metallic wire for a filament. |
| pressure 101 | amount of force exerted per unit of surface area |
| pascal 101 | standard unit of pressure... (symbol is pa) |
| millibar 101 | equal to 100pa |
| kilopascal 101 | equal to 1000pa or 10mb... used in Canada |
| speed 102 | any object that moves |
| velocity 102 | incorporates direction as well as speed |
| acceleration 102 | change in velocity in respect to time |
| gravity 102 | the one geographical acceleration |
| force 102 | mass x acceleration |
| Dalton's Law 102 | |
| surface pressure 103 | air pressure as it exists at the surface. |
| sea level pressure 104 | pressure that would exist if the observation point were at sea level. |
| equation of state/ideal gas law 105 | |
| mercury barometer 107 | ... |
| barometric pressure 107 | height of the column of mercury in a barometer |
| aneroid barometer 108 | atmosphere presses on the chamber and compresses it by an amount proportional to the air pressure. |
| barograph 108 | aneroid devices that plot continuous values of pressure. |
| isobar 109 | connects points having exactly the same sea level pressure. |
| pressure gradient 109 | rate of change in pressure, in the same way that spacing of isotherms reveals temperature gradients. |
| pressure gradient force 109 | sets the air in motion... pressure gradient gives rise to this force. |
| hydrostatic equilibrium 110 | Vertical pressure gradient force and the force gravity are normally of nearly equal value and operate in opposite directions. |
| hydrostatic equation 112 | Look at the Book |
| Coriolis force 114 | All about the rotation of the earth, pg. 114 has a lot of info on this! |
| friction 116 | Air in contact with the surface experiences frictional drag, which decreases wind speed |
| planetary boundary layer 116 | a low level of the atmosphere |
| free atmosphere 116 | simple wind, exists high in the atmosphere |
| equation of motion 117 | See Book pg. 117 |
| geostrophic flow/geostrophic wind 118 | occurs when the pressure gradient force equals the coriolis force. |
| gradient flow/wind 118 | develops only in the absence of friction, and the wind flows perpendicular to the pressure gradient. |
| supergeostrophic flow 119 | When the Coriolis force exceeds the pressure gradient force and causes the air to turn.. |
| subgeostrophic flow 120 | when a weaker coriolis force demands that the wind flow more slowly than it would if it were geostrophic. |
| anticyclones 121 | closed high pressue systems. |
| cyclones 121 | closed low pressure systems. spiral turns counter clockwise. |
| troughs 123 | Low pressure (Cyclones) |
| ridges 123 | High Pressue (anti-cyclones) |
| azimuth 125 | is the degree of angle from due north, moving clockwise. |
| wind vane 125 | simple device to observe wind direction |
| anemometer 125 | have rotating cups mounted on a moving shaft. wind blowing into the cups create an electrical current. |
| Buys-Ballot law 125 | |
| aerovane 126 | object that indicates both wind direction and speed. (looks like an airplane without wings) |
| rawinsondes 126 | objects to measure upper level wind measurements |
Created by:
goldmeg89
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