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BIO181 Exam 2 ('22)

School: ASU

QuestionAnswer
T/F: In the lagging strand, the DNA is read from the parental DNA's 3' to 5' end. True
During mRNA maturation what is the name of the part of the mRNA that is removed? (Open ended) Intron
Which strand is produced more rapidly? - Okazaki Fragment - Lagging Strand - Leading Strand - 3' - 5' Leading Strand
Assume that you have a eukaryotic cell with three chromosomes within it. How many 5' ends would there be? (Open ended) Gap1: 6, Gap2: 12
In the ribosome, what is the name of the bond that links one amino acid to the next? (Open ended) Peptide Bond
Draw the sugar in DNA and label the carbons as discussed in the lecture. Then circle the carbon that is different in RNA. Insert drawing
T/F: The DNA polymerase that replicates the parental strand of DNA reads the parental DNA from 5' to 3' and makes a new DNA strand from 3' to 5'. False
For DNA Polymerase III to work which of these components has to act first? - Conservative Replication - Newly Replicated Strand - Primase - RNA - Mutation Rate Primase
Which nucleotide is different in RNA compared to DNA? (Open Ended) Uridine
T/F: During DNA Replication errors are greatly reduced by enzymes that proof read the newly replicated DNA. True
During DNA Replication the lagging strand there is production of this component? - Okazaki Fragment - mRNA - tRNA - proteins - None of the above Okazaki Fragment
Protein synthesis changes from the language of __________ to the language of __________. (Fill in) nucleotides; amino acids
In eukaryotic cells the start codon for protein synthesis is ___________. (Fill in) AUG
T/F: DNA replication in eukaryotes is sped up by multiple origins of replication. True
T/F: Uridine is a nucleotide in DNA False
In the ribosome, what pairs with the codon? (Open Ended) Anticodon
In DNA, what does the nucleotide labeled as A pair with? (Open Ended) T - Thymine
RNA synthesis, also called RNA transcription occurs in three phases. List them from beginning to end in order. 1. Initiation 2. Elongation 3. Termination
List the two basic categories of nitrogenous bases in nucleic acids. (Open Ended) Purines and Pyrimidines
Strands of the backbone of DNA are parallel? False
Which enzyme is used first to permit DNA polymerase III to begin replicating the 3' strand? - Conservation Replication - Parental Strand - Primase - RNA - Mutation Rate Primase
How many hydrogen bonds are there between an A and its paired nucleotide? (Open Ended) 2
Which enzyme unwraps the double helix? - Helicase - DNA Polymerase III - DNA Polymerase I - Nucleosome - DNA Ligase Helicase
The double helix of DNA is wrapped about 1 3/4 times around which of these components? - Helicase - DNA Polymerase III - DNA Polymerase I - Nucleosome - DNA Ligase Nucleosome
Which sugar is present in RNA? (Open Ended) Ribose
T/F: Replication of DNA is semi-conservative. True
There are two types of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells. These two types can be distinguished because the polyribosome is either _________ or ________. (Fill in) Free; membrane bound
List one type of post-translational modification. (Open Ended) Proteolysis or Glycosylation or Phosphorylation
How many "stop" codons exist? (Open Ended) 3
T/F: RNA is double-stranded? False
T/F: The genetic code for the conversion of mRNA codons to proteins has redundancy. True
The light reactions produce _________ and _________ and this process also results in the release of _________. (Fill in) ATP, NADPH+H+, and Oxygen
The Calvin-Benson cycle takes in __________ and __________ from the light reactions and also __________ __________ to make carbohydrates. (Fill in) ATP and NADPH+H+, and carbon dioxide(CO2)
The antenna system is in the _____________ membranes. (Fill in) thylakoid
The most abundant protein in the world is called ________. (Fill in) rubiscos
List three items required for photosynthesis to occur. 1. Water 2. CO2 3. Light
T/F: FADH2 results as one of the products of the citric acid cycle. True
T/F: The cell does not need ATP to survive. False
Where is carbon dioxide produced? - Carbon Dioxide - Mitochondrial matrix - Inner mitochondrial membrane - Oxygen - carbohydrates Mitochondrial matrix
Specifically in a cell where does Glycolysis occur? - Cytoplasm - Mitochondrial matrix - Inner mitochondrial membrane - Glycolysis - ATP Cytoplasm
Specifically where in a cell does the citric acid/Kreb's cycle occur? - Cytoplasm - Mitochondrial matrix - Inner mitochondrial membrane - Glycolysis - ATP Mitochondrial matrix
T/F: The citric acid/Kreb's cycle breaks down carbohydrates into CO2. True
Glycolysis requires the investment of two _______ in order to obtain a gross output of four _______ . (Fill in) ATP's ; ATP's
In lecture we discussed normal flora, this refers to: (Open Ended) Bacteria that grow on the body and secreting things that are toxic to the pathogenic bacteria that don't belong.
T/F: Red blood cells are a part of the immune system False
T/F: Does gravity have a role in some part of the lymphatic fluid flow back to the circulatory system? Yes
T/F: Having a fever of 100 oF can help you fight off infections True
T/F: In 1 mL of blood, there are 1.5 million white blood cells False
T/F: The humoral immune system involves cells in the immune system. True
T/F: Natural killer cells are part of the specific immune system False
T/F: B and T cells are called lymphocytes True
T/F: Memory cells “remember” the antigen and make a faster and greater response the next time the antigen is encountered. True
T/F: A bacterium coated by antibodies is a signal that a macrophage should endocytose (eat) it True
T/F: Red blood cells originate from the bone marrow. True
Inflammation is caused by an increased blood supply due to ______________ released by some cells of the immune system. (Fill in) histamine
When a B cell is shown an antigen on a class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein it will go through ______________ ______________ and B cells subsequently can become ______________ and/or ______________ ______________. (Fill in) Blast transformation ; plasma ; memory cells
T/F:  You should have your appendix removed whenever possible. False
Lymphatic tissue is composed of the following five components. Please list them. 1. Bone Marrow 2. Thymus 3. Spleen 4. Lymph Nodes 5. Lymph Ducts
How does the lymph fluid return from the legs to the circulatory system? (Open Ended) Muscle contraction that helps "push" the fluid up the vessels against gravity with the help of one way valves in the ducts that prevent back flow.
If a macrophage endocytoses (i.e., eats) an antigen it can digest it and present it on a ______________ Major histocompatibility complex protein to a ______________. (Fill in) Class II ; Helper T cell
T/F: Mast cells release histamine. True
T/F: Any cell can present an antigen on a class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein. False
When immune cells mature and can recognize trans-membrane proteins indicating “self”, this is called ______________. (Fill in) tolerance
T/F: There are times when the spleen can be considered to be the primary lymph node. True
T/F: Lymph nodes are a place where cells of the immune system accumulate and share information. True
T/F: Bone marrow is a site where mature immune cells are found. False
Adhering junctions are based on two different types of cytoskeleton filament systems. Name those systems. Actin Filament System and Intermediate Filament System
The molecular seal that serves as the barrier is called a _____________ _____________. While this is a good barrier, such barriers are not very strong and must be underlined by _____________ _____________. (Fill in) tight junction; adhering junction
T/F: Epithelial cells serve as a barrier to prevent non-specific movement of chemicals from one side of the epithelium to the other side. True
Name the main enzyme in the stomach. (Open Ended) Pepsin
When glucose is taken in by the digestive track and enters your blood, cells are triggered to take in the glucose by what mechanism? (Open Ended) Facilitated diffusion
Name the sphincter that separates the stomach from the small intestine. (Open Ended) pyloric
What is bile made from? And how does oatmeal reduce cholesterol levels? (Open Ended) It's made from cholesterol. It binds with the fiber in oatmeal and reduces your LDL (low-density lipoprotein)
90% of absorption in the intestine occurs where? (Open Ended) Jejunum and ileum of the small intestine.
T/F: If something is called a vitamin, it cannot be made by the organism and must be taken in as part of diet. True
Draw concentric circles and label the four layers of the gut. Also label the hole at the inner most circle. List what is in these four layers. Hole at inner most circle: Lumen 2nd inner most: Mucosa 3rd inner most: Submucosa 2nd inner most: Muscle Layer Outer Most layer: Serosa
Write a few sentences to distinguish between digestion and absorption. (Open Ended) The stomach does very little absorption. Digestion is breaking down food into smaller chunks, and absorption means you are taking the nutrients into your body
The esophagus has two distinct muscles that close off the tube. What are these called? (Open Ended) Upper and lower Esophagus sphincter
Vitamin K cannot be made by the cells of your body. Where is it made? Bacteria in your colon
In what way is the making of a primary lysosome similar to the enzymes delivered by the pancreas? (Open Ended) Both are involved in the breakdown if carbohydrates, proteins and fats. They use enzymes like protease to digest and to degrade using the same subset of enzymes. One is digesting at the level of the cell.
How does the pancreas neutralize the pH of the chyme that comes from the stomach? (Open Ended) Bicarbonate Ions
Think about feedback loops. What triggers the gall bladder to secrete bile? Oils and fat that you have ingested
List the order in which storage compounds are utilized if there is no intake of food. Glycogen, Fat, Protein
The digestive track begins with the ___________ and the first enzyme added is _______________ . mouth ; amylase
List the layers of the digestive track covered by a thick layer of mucous. Mucosa - Submucosa - Muscular Layer - Serosa
When amino acids are acquired by food because your body can't make them they are call _______________ _______________ _____________ . (Fill in) essential amino acids
Created by: cactuspeach
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