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Computer Networks
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| A record | Refers to IPv4 address of host |
| AAAA Re | refers to host's IPv6 address |
| All-nodes multicast | = FF02::2 |
| All-routers multicast | = FF02::2 |
| Anycast address | Used to deliver an IP packet to only one network interface belonging to the corresponding anycast group |
| ARPA | Address and Routing Parameter Area domain |
| Assigned multicast address | Reserved for a group of devices using the same protocol or service (e.g. DHCPv6) |
| Benefits of using a VLAN | More secure networks Better preforming networks Cost-saving networks More manageable networks |
| C | Directly connected network |
| ccTLDs | Country Code Top-level domains |
| CGN | Carrier Grade NAT |
| CNAME record | Canonical Name Record |
| D | Dynamic routes which were automatically added to routing table y using routing protocol (EIGRP) |
| DAD | Duplicate Address Detection |
| Data VLAN | Transports data generated by users |
| Default gateway | Router connected to same local network segment |
| Default route ('gateway of last resort') | Route that's followed by default if no specific route to a network is found |
| Default route in routing table | Route the packets must follow if destination address doesn't match any other network address in routing table |
| Default VLAN | After starting a new switch, all ports are part of the same VLAN = default VLAN |
| DHCP | Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol |
| DHCP ACK | DHCP Acknowledgement |
| DHCP Discover | Clients requests an IP address via IP broadcasting |
| DHCP NACK | DHCP Not Acknowledgement |
| DHCP Offer | All DHCP servers propose a IP address |
| DHCP Operation | 4 phases |
| DHCP Operation DORA | Discover, Offer, Request & ACK |
| DHCP Request | Client selects 1 server & announces its choice via IP broadcasting |
| DHCPv6 | DHCP for IPv6 |
| Distributed DNS servers | To look up information that's done by translation |
| DNS | Domain Name System |
| DNS Belgium | .be, .vlaanderen, .brussels |
| DNS Caching | DNS client keeps local DNS cache of recent name2address translations |
| DNS client | hostnames are automatically converted to IP addresses by your OSs built-in DNS client |
| DNS Database | Database consisting of resource records |
| DNS namespace | Full name of device formed starting at the bottom of the hierarchy & then adding name of each level higher domain & by separating all names by a point |
| DNS Naming System | Using DNS query & DNS response messages |
| DNS pharming | DNS Server responding with wrong IP address, causing the Internet traffic of unsuspecting user to reach another computer (the attacker's) |
| DNS Protocol | Client/server Protocol of application layer |
| DNS server | Software to accept DNS queries & reply with DNS responses |
| DNS spoofing | AKA DNS cache Poisoning |
| DNS zone | DNS name space split into several consecutive portions |
| DNSSEC | DNS data signed by owner of data using private/public key |
| DoH | DNS over HTTPS |
| Domain | Unit that's part of an organizational unit (companies, schools, organizations) |
| Domain hierarchy | Root Domain > TLDs > SLDs > subdomains |
| Domain name | name of a domain |
| Dynamic (dynamic) IP address | IP address automatically assigned |
| Dynamic routing | Automatically via routing protocols exchanging information between routers |
| EIGRP | Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol |
| Fixed (static) IP address | IP address manually assigned by admin, never changing |
| Forward lookup | translation from hostname to IP address |
| FQDN | Fully Qualified Domain Name - The full name |
| Gateway of last resort | Creating default static route |
| Global Routing Prefix | What ISP assigns to customer |
| gTLDs | Generic top-level domains |
| GUA | Global Unicast Address |
| hextets | 16bits = 4 hexas |
| Host name | Name of a device |
| Hosts file | file where name2address translations were kept in early years of the internet |
| ICANN | Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers |
| Important resource record types | MX , A, AAAA, NS, CNAME, PTR record |
| Installation of DHCP server (location) | DHCP server can be installed on a computer but also on a router |
| Inter-VLAN routing | Modern networks are segmented using VLANs that correspond to different IP subnets → computers belonging to different VLANs can't communicate with each other without the intervention of a Layer 3 device that provides the necessary routing |
| Inter-VLAN routing techniques | Legacy inter-VLAN routing, router on a stick, L3-switchi using SVIs |
| Interface ID | 64 bits (when using prefix /64) |
| IP | Internet Provider |
| IP header | IPv4 : 20 bytes, IPv6: 40 bytes |
| IP packet | IP header & IP payload |
| IP payload | Data with variable length |
| IPv4 embedded address | Used for transition from IPv4 to Ipv6 |
| IPv6 address | Global unique IP address version 6 |
| IPv6 GUA structure | Subnet bits aren't taken from the Interface ID, but are part of the network prefix which is recommended to be /64 <--> in IPv4 the subnet bits were 'borrowed' from the host ID |
| ISP | Internet Service Provider |
| L | Directly connected local interface IP host address |
| L3 switch using SVIs | Uses mulit-layer L3 switch with a SVI for each VLAN |
| LAN | Local Area Network |
| Lease time | Obtained IP addresses are valid only for certain period |
| Legacy inter-VLAN routing | Uses router with physical interface for each VLAN connected to a switch --> not scalable |
| LLA | Link-local address |
| Local host | Host within same network |
| Loopback address | ::1/128 |
| Management VLAN | Used to access control of the switch |
| Migration techniques | Dual stack, Tunneling, Translation |
| MNO | Mobile Network Operators |
| Multicast address | Used to deliver IP packet to all network interfaces belonging to the corresponding multicast group |
| Multilayer switches | Switch that offers L2 functionality & at least L3 functionality such as routing |
| MX record | refers to mail server of the domain (MX = mail exchange) |
| NAPT | Network Address & Port Translation |
| NAT | Network Address Translation |
| Native VLAN | VLAN that's used by default for 'untagged' traffic |
| Nested NAT | NAT after NAT |
| Network Prefix | Global Routing Prefix + subnet |
| Next hop | Via which other router to reach these networks |
| NIC | Network Information Center |
| NS record | Refers to authoritative name server |
| O | Dynamic routes which were automatically added to routing table y using routing protocol (OSPF) |
| OSPF | Open Shortest Path First |
| Out of what may a DNS zone consists? | 1 single DNS domain OR 1 DNS domain & several subdomains for which it's responsible |
| prefix length | Number behind slash |
| prefix notation | Where the Ipv6 address is indicated |
| Private IP address | Not routable on the internet, duplicates possible in different networks |
| PTR Record | Refers to hostname (for reverse lookup) |
| Public IP address | Routable on the internet, each one is unique |
| R | Dynamic routes which were automatically added to routing table y using routing protocol (RIP) |
| RA message methods | SLAAC only, SLAAC & Stateless DHCPv6, Stateful DHCPv6 |
| RA messages | Router Advertisement messages |
| Registrars | Companies that can register domain names |
| Remote host | Host in another network |
| Resource records | consisting of few fields: type, TTL, name, dates, etc. |
| reverse lookup | translation of IP address to hostname |
| RIP | Routing Information Protocol |
| RIPng | RIP next generation |
| Root Domain | Nameless & sometimes represented by "." |
| Routed port | Pure L3 interface (like physical interface on CISCO IOS router) |
| Router | L3 device (network layer), used to connect networks, Forwarding packets to correct interface |
| Router on a stick | Uses router with only 1 physical interface to connect to a switch --> still 2 devices necessary |
| Routes to directly connected networks | These routes are automatically created during configuration of the interfaces of the router |
| Routes to remote networks | These routes can be entered either manually (by network admin) or automatically (by routing protocol/DHCP) |
| RS message | Router Solicitation message |
| S | Static route was manually configured by admin (for remote networks): Statistical routes: routes added manuallly to routing table |
| SARR | Solicit Advertise Request Reply |
| SLAAC | Stateless Address Autoconfiguration Address Configuration |
| SLDs | Second-level domains |
| Static routing | Manually by network admin itself |
| Stub networks | Networks that are only accessible via single router (sub router) which has only 1 neighbour router (like most home networks) |
| Sub router | Single router |
| subdomains | e.g. ti --> ti.howest.be |
| Subnet ID | 64 bits, Global Routing Prefix |
| SVI | Switch Virtual Interface |
| Switch | L2 device, used to create networks, Forwards frame to correct port |
| Tagged Port/Trunk Port | Carries frames for multiple VLANs |
| temporary IPv6 address | Temporary global IPv6 address |
| TLDs | Top-level domains, ( sgTLDs, ccTLDs, ARPA) |
| Translation | Translation from IPv4 or IPv6 & vice versa |
| TTL field | Time To Live |
| Tunneling | Encapsulation of IPv6 i IPv4 packet |
| Types of DNS lookup | Forward & reverse lookup |
| Types of VLANs | Default, data, native, management, voice VLAN |
| Unicast address | Used to deliver an IP packet to a single network interface (6 dfferent types) |
| Unique local address | range fc00::/7 to fdff::/7 |
| Unspecified address | :: |
| Untagged Port/ Acces Port | Carries frames for single VLAN |
| Verisign | .com, .net, etc. |
| VLAN | Virtual Local Area Network |
| VLAN switch port types | Untagged Port/Access Port, Tagged Port/Trunk Port |
| VLAN tags | Added to each frame on the trunk to identify the VLAN each frame belongs to |
| VLAN Trunks | P2P connection between 2 network devices supporting more than 1 VLAN |
| Voice VLAN | Using VoIP |
| VoIP | Voice over IP |
| WAN | Wide Area Network |
| WHOIS database | Central database of domain names |
Created by:
lex_1820
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