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Plant 120 TT11One
stuff for the first term test (lectures 1-6; lab 1-3)
| who development Cell theory? | Scwann and Schleidan |
| 3 Components of Cell theory | 1. All cells are made up of 1 or more cells 2. Cell is the basic unit of structure 3. new cells arise from pre-existing cells |
| Who discovered cells? | Robert Hooke |
| Two types of light microscopes? | Compound (1500x) and Dissecting (30x) |
| Two types of Electron microscopes | Transmission electron microscope (200,000x) and Scanning electron microscope (10,000x) |
| How long ago did Green Algae transition to land? | 400-500 mya |
| What gave rise to plants? | green algae |
| Cells that can change from one cell type to another and give rise to a whole plant are called? | Totipotent |
| Everything except the cell wall. | protoplast |
| All of the parts within the cell membrane | cytoplasm |
| the space between plant cells outside of the protoplast | apoplast |
| the cytoplasmic continuum between cells | symplast |
| Plant cells that make/store food and pigments, can change from 1 type to another and interconvert between different forms? | plastid |
| colourless plant cells (amyloplast, elaioplast, proteinoplast) | leukoplast |
| pigmented coloured plant cells (chloroplast) | Chromoplast |
| A stack of grana make up one: | thylakoid |
| membrane of a vacuole is a: | tonoplast |
| 3 components of cytoskeleton are: | Microtubules, Microfilaments, intermediate filaments |
| Cytoskeleton: a and b tubulin protein, 13 rows, alpha helix, moves chromosomes, cellulose microfibril, flagella and cilia, spindles and phragomplasts | Microtubules |
| Cytoskeleton: made up up actin, helical twisted chains, moves stuff around vacuole (cyclosis) | Microfilaments |
| Motor proteins are ATP-dependent and are associated with: | Microtubules and microfilaments |
| Stacks ________ on tracks ___________. | Golgi and ER |
| 1st and 2nd most abundant thing: | Cellulose and lignin |
| main scaffolding: | cellulose |
| microfibril: | bundle of cellulose |
| What enforces the secondary wall? | Lignin (if present) |
| Carbohydrate that links microfibrils: | Hemicellulose |
| Carbohydrate that regulates adhesion: | Pectin |
| a sugar protein: | Glycoprotein |
| Plasmodesmata: | strand of cytoplasm that connects cells, uses size exclusion, and viral movement proteins can alter shape |
| cell plate is formed with the help of the _________ that act as tracts. | phragmoplast |
| when did green algae first start to leave the ocean and why? | 400 mya and because of the ozone layer started to form |
| indirect ancestor to land plants: | coleochaete |
| What do coleochaete and land plants have in common? | parenchyma, phragmoplast, lignin-like, protected zygote |
| what learned to move chloroplast and avoid light? | green algae (NVP) |
| Euglenoid algae has _____ chloroplast and brown algae has ______ chloroplasts: | 3rd degree; 4th degree |
| 2 flagella, pellicle, eyespot, 3rd chloroplast, carb is paramylon, mixotroph, asexual | euglena (elugelenophyta) |
| unicellular or colonial, 2 flagella (opposite directions), asexual and rare sexual, oogania/antheridia, sea slug | Yellow-green algae (chromophyta) |
| Thickening agent: | carrageenan |
| kelp and algin | brown algae |
| seaweed and agar | red algae |
| moss plants like hornworts, liverworts, and mosses are: | bryophytes |
| what don't bryophytes have? | LIGNIN BITCH |
| gametophyte cells are: | haploid |
| Sprotophyte cells are: | diploid |
| Hibernating moss: | T. rurali |
| cellulse wall, cell division, phytochrome, chlorophyll a/b, carotenoid, hornworts have starch as pyrenoid | bryophytes and green algae |
| waxing cuticle, protected m/f structure, f protects embryo, sporophyte makes spore via meiosis, sterile layer protects, store starch, stomata in transpiration | similarities of bryophytes and Vascular plants |
| thalli, rhizoids, hydroids, leptoids | differences between bryophytes and vascular plants |
| Are bryophytes gametophyte Dom or sporophyte dom? | gametophyte dom! |
| in bryophytes _______ has the males gametes and _______ has the female gametes | antheridium; archegonium |
| bryophytes can be unisexual or bisexual. | TRUE |
| in bryophytes, what gives rise to sporophytes? | fertilization |
| sporophytes undergo ________ which gives rise to __________ | meiosis; gametophytes |
| flattened lobed thalli, young gametophyte (protonema), asexual via gamma; rhizoids; embryo dependent on gametophyte | liverworts - hepatic-phyla |
| horn-like sporophytes; sporophyte grows fro base; only land plant with pyrenoid (like algae); diploid elaters; sporpophyte makes spores via meiosis | hornworts - anthocerophyta |
| peat/rock/true; Gam with way cuticle; blade leaves; lens-shaped chloroplast; no phloem or xylem; central strand of conducting tissue | mosses - Bryophyta |
| flagellated sperm; NEED WATAER FOR SEX; mature sporophytes (capsule, seta, foot); leafy gametophytes, arch attracts spear with chemical | mosses - Bryophyta |
| ________ were the first to have LIGNIN | Seedless vascular plants |
| replaces cell wall and encrusts cellulose; adds girth and height | LIGNIN |
| developed phloem and xylem; no seeds; true leaves and roots; sporophyte dominant; gametophyte size reduction; mostly homosporous; if heterosporous, ales mega and microsporangia; NEED WATER FOR SEX | SVPS |
| four phylum of SVPS | psilophyta; lycophyta; equisetophyta (some alive still); polypodiopyta |
| Special features of SVPS | gametophyte and sporophyte are independent at maturity unlike bryophytes and Seed plants |
| whisk ferns; dichotomous branching; rhizomes (no roots or stems); ENATIONS; roots w mycorrhizal fungi; sporangia fused in 3's; NO chlorophyll; spores underground; zygote has foot and rhizome | Psilotophyta - SVP WHISK FERN |
| major genera are lycopodium and selaginella | lycophyta - SVP |
| sporophytes have micorphylls; true roots and stems | Lycophyta - SVP |
| vascular tissues extended into an enation are | microphylls |
| TETRAD OF SPORES; can be clustered into strobilli; homosporous (loco is homo); flagellated sperm; WATER NEEDED FOR SEX ; | lycopodium from lycophyta from SVP; GROUND PINE |
| heterosporous, endoscopic gametophytes = microspore = male gametophyte, macrospore = female gametophyte | selaginella from lycophyta from SVP; SPIKE MOSSES |
| branched/unbranched, joined ribbed stems; branched whorls, scale-like leaves; stomata between ribs; STEM (central canal (pith), carinal (xylem phloem, h20), vallecular (air); asexual or sexual; FOUR elaters on spore | Equisetum from Equisetophyta from SVP; HORSE TAILS |
| Megaphylls (fronds); NEED water for SEX; most successful SVP; rhizomes and roots; SORI with ANNULE; spores grow into gametophyte called protahlli; prothalli have archegonium and antheridia | FERN from polypodiophyta - from SVPs |
| telome theory (overtopping - planation - webbing) created | megaphylls |
| Don't need WATER for sex; Use wind | GYMNOSPERMS BABY |
| what let plants live on land? | seeds and lignin, protective seed coat; food supply for embryo; |
| naked seed; sporophyte dominant; air-born pollen; seed made on sporophylls; Heterospores; gametophyte dependent on sporophyte; SECONDARY GROWTH; vascular system more efficient | Gymnosperms |
| ALL SEEDS: | are heterosporous (microspore/megaspore) AND have two types of sporangia (microsporangia/megasporangia) |
| sporangia are associated with: | megaphylls |
| for seed plants: the _________ is independent and the ________ is dependent | sporophyte; gametophyte |
| ovulate and pollen cones develop on the same plant! | monoecious |
| FOUR phyla of Gymnosperms | (CCGG) Coniferophyta Cycadophyta Ginkgophyta Gnetophyta |
| tallest; oldest; cold/dry; tracheids; wind dispersal | Pinophyta - CONIFERS |
| pollen cones and pollen grain w/ 4 cells + air sacs; microspores; membranous microsporophylls | pine male strobilli |
| 2 years to mature; seed cones; megasporangia; surrounded by integument; micropyle pore in integument | pine female strobilli |
| 1st year of female strobilli: | pollen lands on microphyls; tube grows through nucleus; 2 sperm w no flagella; megaspore develops; 1 lives 3 degenerate; living megaspore = female gametophyte; |
| 2nd year of female strobiili: | pollen tube gets to archegonia; 1 sperm meets egg; zygote formed; female gamteophye feeds embryo; integument = seed coat |
| 1500 year old; over 300 ft tall | redwood sequoia |
| dinoplant; dioecious like conifer; pollinated by beetles; pollen and seed strobilli; life cycle like conifer | CYCADOPHYtA - gymnosperms |
| extract increases blood circulation; only 1 living species (ginkgo biloba; only in cultivation; notch, broad, fan leaves; no midrib; prominent veins; dioecious; multi flagellated sperm | ginkgophyta - gymnosperms |
| VESSELS in XYLEM; a form of double fertilization; medicinal use for cough; similarities with angiosperms; GNETUm w vines and broad leaves | Gnetophyta; - gymnosperms |
| Ephedrine | secondary metabolite; mormon tea for respiratory stuff |
| performs CAM; in SW Africa one species = mirabilis; meristem at base; dioecious | Welwitschia |
| dioecious | sporophytes formed on different plants |
| vessel seeds that are 174 mya and most successful; heterosporous; sporophyte dominant | angiosperms |
| key innovations of angiosperms | better conducting tissue; venation deciodious leaves (drop);more diverse leaves |
| life cycle completed in a single season | annual |
| life cycle completed in two growing seasons | biennals |
| life cycle takes several or more growing seasons | perennials |
| magnoliophyta are: | angiosperms |
| magnoliopsida are ________ and liliopsida are _________ | dicots; monocots |
| monocots: | 1 cotyledon; flower parts in 3's; parallel veins; stem scattered; pollen grain has 1 aperture |
| dicots: | 2 cotyledons; flower parts in 4's or 5's; ring stem; webbed vein network; pollen grain with 3 apertures |
| microsporangia evolved into ________ and megasporangia evolved into _______ | stamens; carpals |
| sepals and petals are _______ modified leaves | sterile |
| ________suggested carpels are modified leaves that can be simple or compound | Von Goethe |
| a flower with a calyx, corolla, stamen, and pistil is: | a complete flower |
| a flower missing a calyx, corolla, pistil, or carpel is: | incomplete flower |
| a flower that has a stamen and pistil present | perfect flower |
| a flower that has a missing stamen or pistil | imperfect flower |
| 1st: hypogynous; primitive flowers; | superior ovary |
| 2nd; epigynous; specialized flowers; | inferior ovary |
| 3rd; perigynous; not attached | idk we didn't talk abt it much |
| term for when sepal and petal are indistinguishable: | tepal |
| the calyx (sepal) and coralla (petal) are together referred to as: | parienth |
| staMEN is | male |
| pistil is | female |
| staMEN is made up of the: | filament & anther |
| pistil is made up of the : | style, stigma; ovary |
| protects the flower bud and aka the calyx | sepal |
| sepal is aka : | calyx |
| attracts pollinators and aka the corolla | petal |
| petal is aka : | corolla |
| flowers in groups are called | inflorescence |
| what provides food for zygote in fertilization? | endosperm |
| Examples of monocots: | Grass, lily, orchid GLO UP ALONE (MONO) |
| Largest to smallest groups of angiosperms: | 1. orchid 2. sunflower 3. legumes |
| evolutionary trends: | stamen and carpel less leaf-like; sepal and petal diverge; carpel fuses (compound); spiral to whorls; whorl # decreases; floral # decreases; radial symmetry to bilateral symmetry |
| PRIMITIVE FLOWER HAS: | radial symmetry; spirally arranged; complete and perfect; superior ovary = hypogynous; many petal parts; tepals; bisexual |
| SPECIALIZED FLOWER HAS: | bilateral symmetry; whorls; less petals; imperfect and incomplete; inferior ovary = epigynous; sepal and petal diverge; unisex; |
| LEGUMEs have | bilateral symmetry |
Created by:
rsupinsk
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