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NAU Micro 15 & 16
NAU Micro Epidemiology & Nosocromial Infections; Innate Host Defenses
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the purpose of the immune system? | To fight off foreign agents & removal of environmental agents |
| Two types of host defenses: | Adaptive (specific) and Innate (nonspecific) |
| Six types of defense barriers: | Physical, Chemical, Inflammation, Fever, Cellular defenses, Molecular defenses |
| Two types of physical barriers: | Skin and mucous membranes (mucosa) |
| Largest of all defense barrier. Contains human-beta defensin-2. | Skin |
| Destroys pathogens by poking holes in bacterial membranes. Is a natural antibiotic. | Human beta-defensin-2 |
| Physical barriers that covers those tissues & organs of the body cavity exposed to exterior. | Mucous membranes (mucosa) |
| Types of chemical barriers: | High salt content, Sweat & Sebum, Acidic pH of stomach, Lysozyme, Transferrin, Lactoferrin, Defensins |
| Produced by sebaceous glands, has a low pH that inhibits growth of bacteria. | Sweat & Sebum |
| Present in tears, saliva & mucus. Cleaves peptidoglycan linkage in bacterial cell wall. | Lysozyme |
| Binds iron & prohibits the growth of bacteria in the blood. | Transferrin |
| Present in saliva, mucus and milk. Binds iron. | Lactoferrin |
| Present in mucus; extracellular fluids kill pathogens by forming pores in their membranes. | Defensins |
| Process of cell eating | Phagocytosis |
| Process of phagocytosis: | Chemotaxis, Adherence, Ingestion, Digestion |
| Chemical that is released that attracts phagocytes | Chemotaxis |
| Cells that secrete cytotoxic proteins that trigger death of infected cells. Mechanism of recognition is unknown. Kills cells infected by Rickettsia, Chlamydia bacteria & tumor cells. Important function of preventing cancer. | Natural Killer Cells |
| The body's defensive responses to tissue damage from microbial infection. | Inflammation |
| Signs & symptoms of inflammation: | Calor, Rubor, Tumor and Dolor |
| An increase in temperature | Calor |
| Redness | Rubor |
| Swelling | Tumor |
| Pain at infected or injured site | Dolor |
| Fever from infection is caused in two ways: | Pathogens and Macrophages |
| Releases exotoxins & endotoxins, causes fever | Pathogen induced fever |
| Releases a cytokine called interleukin where it causes neurons in the hypothalamus to secrete prostaglandins. The prostaglandins reset the hypothalamus thermostat at a higher temperature causing fever. | Macrophages |
| Innate immune defenses of a fever: | Raises body temperature to kill pathogens. High temperature inactivates some microbial enzymes & toxins. Phagocytosis enhanced. Interferon increases. Heightened immune responses, increasing reaction rates. Patient feels ill & will rest. |
| Viral replication in a host cell activates this gene, causing it to be synthesized & released, then it binds to neighboring cells surface ultimately blocking viral replication. | Interferon protein |
| Key role in host defense; produced by the liver. Is 20 large regulatory proteins under genetic control. | Complement |
| General functions of the complement: | Enhances pathogens. Lyses pathogens directly. Generates peptide fragments that regulate inflammation & immune responses. |
| Will mature into macrophages | Monocytes |
| Give summary of the body's innate/nonspecific defenses: | First line of defense. Physical barriers of skin & mucosa. Natural killer cells. Phagocytes-neutrophils, dendritic cells & monocytes. Inflammation. Fever. Molecular defenses- interferon & complement. Chemical barriers: Transferrin, Lactoferrin |
| Study of factors & mechanisms involved in frequency, spread of diseases & health related problems. | Epidemiology |
| The assignment or study of causes & origins of a disease. | Etiology |
| The number of new cases contracted within a set population during a specific period of time. Drop indicates a reduction in the spread of disease. Ex: 203 people had H1N1 in January/ 2010 in Kansas City, MO | Incidence |
| The total number of people infected within a population at any time. | Prevalence |
| The number of individuals affected by a disease during a set period in relation to the total population. Usually cases are per 100,000 people. | Morbidity Rate |
| The number of deaths due to disease in a population during a specific period in relation to the total population. | Mortality Rate |
| Present continually in the population of a particular geographical area; always expect to see this disease. | Endemic |
| Arises when a disease suddenly has a higher than normal incidence in a population. Is not always enormous numbers. | Epidemic |
| Occurs when an epidemic spreads worldwide. Ex: H1N1, Cholera in it's 7th episode of this | Pandemic |
| Occurs in random and unpredictable manner. | Sporadic |
| Two ways to spread disease: | Common source outbreak and Propagated epidemic |
| An epidemic that arises from contact with contaminated substances. Typically food contamination. | Common source outbreak |
| Arises from person to person transmission, via horizontal transmission. Ex: H1N1 | Propagated epidemic |
| Sites where pathogens can persist and maintain their ability to infect. | Infection Reservoir |
| Types of Infectious Reservoirs: | Human, Animal and Non-living |
| Carriers are individuals who harbor an infectious agent without having any observable clinical signs or symptoms. | Human Infection Reservoir |
| Diseases that can be transmitted under natural conditions to humans from vertebrate animals. | Animal/Zoonoses Infection Reservoir |
| Inanimate objects containing pathogens that maintain the ability to be infectious. Ex: Soil, Water | Non-living Infection Reservoir |
| Portal of entry for microbes: | Eye, Ear, Nose, Mouth, Broken Skin, Mammary glands Urethra, Vagina, Anus, Placenta |
| Portal of exit for microbes: | Eyes, Ear, Nose, Mouth, Broken Skin, Skin Flakes, Mammary Glands, Urethra, Vagina, Anus, Semen Vesicle |
| Three types of disease transmission: | Contact, Vehicle, Vectors |
| Transmission that can be direct, indirect or by droplets. | Contact Transmission |
| Three types of Contact Transmission: | Direct Contact, Indirect Contact, Droplet Contact |
| Requires body contact between individuals (horizontal or vertical transmission) Ex: Direct Fecal Oral Transmission | Direct Contact |
| Contact that occurs through fomites. Ex: doorknobs, bar soap | Indirect Contact |
| Non-living object | Fomite |
| Occurs when a person coughs, sneezes, or speaks near others. Less than 3 feet away is a contagious zone. | Droplet |
| A non-living carrier of an infectious agent from its reservoir to a susceptible host. | Vehicle |
| Three types of vehicle transmission: | Waterborne Transmission, Foodborne Transmission, Airborne Transmission |
| Indirect fecal-oral transmission and enteroviruses | Waterborne Transmission |
| Pathogens travel more than 3 feet through air, buildings with poor ventilation, dust particles, aerosols | Airborne Transmission |
| Intoxication of an ingested pathogen | Foodborne Transmission |
| Vectors Ex: ticks, flies, fleas, lice and mosquitoes | Arthropods |
| Living organisms that transmit disease to humans. | Vectors |
| A vector in which the parasite goes through part of its life cycle. Ex: Virus in a mosquito | Biological Vector |
| A vector in which the parasite does not go through any part of its life cycle during transit. Ex: Fly with bacteria on feet, lands on food, you later ingest, passing bacteria to you | Mechanical Vector |
| Two types of vectors: | Biological and Mechanical |
| Special problems in disease transmission: | Carriers don't know they are carriers. STD's are epidemological problems, infected individual may have multiple partners. Zoonoses carriers are hard to identify host reservoir |
| Public Health Organizations: | CDC- Centers for Disease Control, WHO- World Health Organization |
| Responsible for the control & prevention of infectious diseases & other preventable conditions for United States | CDC- Centers for Disease Control |
| Is an international agency that coordinates & sets up programs to improve health in more than a 100 member countries | WHO- World Health Organization |
| Is an infection acquired in a hospital or other medical facility | Nosocomial Infection |
| Nosocomial Infection Risks: | Susceptibility, Transmission through all modes of transmission, Universal precautions not always taken |
Created by:
FKrouse
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