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Biology Review #3

TermDefinition
Environmental Influence Is when factors (temperature, chemicals, pH) cause genes to turn off or on. For instance, cold temperatures cause a rabbit's fur to grow in dark.
Mutations Are only passes on to offspring if the mutation occurs in a gamete.
Internal Fertilization Requires intercourse and ensures fertilization.
Internal Development Protects the embryo (humans).
External Fertilization Does not guarantee fertilization (fish).
External Development May leave the embryos vulnerable (birds & fish).
Ovary Purpose is to produce eggs & the hormones estrogen & progesterone.
Fallopian Tube or Oviduct The passageway for mature ovum (egg) that is released from the ovary. It is the site of fertilization and then the egg or zygote travels to the uterus.
Placenta Site of diffusion of nutrients & wastes between mother & baby - blood does not mix.
Umbilical Cord Long tube of blood vessels between baby and placenta.
Uterus Site of implantation of embryo, fetal development, and serves as protection for the baby.
Amniocentesis Is when they use a needle to draw out fluid from around a fetus to test the cells for birth defects.
Endocrine System It releases hormones that have long-term effects on the body. Includes the pancreas, ovaries, testes, thyroid, adrenal, and pituitary.
Nervous System It controls & coordinates the body using fast acting effects. Includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
Circulatory System Organs - heart & vessels Function - pump nutrient-rich blood to tissues & remove wastes Example - Brings O₂ to cells and CO₂ to lungs
Digestive System Organs - stomach & intestines Function - break large molecules into smaller ones Example - break starch down into sugar
Endocrine System Organs - pancreas & pituitary Function - regulate the body using hormones Example - Insulin allows blood glucose to enter cells
Immune System Organs - lymph nodes & WBCs [white blood cells] Function - attack foreign cells Example - specific antibodies attach to invaders
Excretory System Organs - skin and kidneys Function - remove waste Example - sweat cools the body / urine removes waste
Nervous System Organs - brain & spinal cord Function - receives information to coordinate all systems Example - reflexes and senses
Negative Feedback The final step turns off the initial step. Example: room thermostat or insulin regulating glucose levels in blood.
Insulin Produced by the pancreas, allows glucose to enter body cells. It DOES NOT break glucose down.
White Blood Cells Engulf [eat] foreign cells.
Antigens Are "flags" on foreign cells.
Antibodies Are produced by white blood cells, attach to the antigens of foreign cells to mark them for death.
Pathogens Are bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites that cause disease.
Vaccines Are dead or weakened forms of a virus, NOT a "small amount" of the pathogen.
HIV Is a virus that attacks the immune system. There is no cure, only treatments that prolong life. It is best prevented by abstinence from sex and IV drug use.
Overproduce Organisms do this so not all offspring will survive and must compete for resources.
Natural Variety Exists in a population, only those organisms that have beneficial traits will successfully compete and survive.
Successful Species Reproduce, thus passing advantageous / beneficial traits to the next generation and disadvantageous traits decrease.
Environmental Pressures May select for particular traits. Examples - heat, cold, flood, drought, & terrain.
Evolutionary Similarity / Common Ancestors Similarities in DNA, proteins, & bone structure can indicate this.
Antibiotic Resistance A few bacteria have a natural resistance to antibiotics & when antibiotics are used, only the resistant bacteria survive & pass resistance on to offspring.
ANtibiotics DO NOT cause a bacterium to mutate or develop resistance.
Created by: tderue
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