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NAS 161 Test 3
Microbiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Viruses are classified based on: | 1.) Type of Nucleic Acid (DNA or RNA)2.) Sequence of bases (determines disease)3.) Chemical variations in protein coat4.) 3d shape of coat, sensitivity to ether, size, & presence/absence of envelope |
| What are viruses made of? | Nucleic acid inside of a protein coat. |
| What is a retrovirus? | An RNA virus that initiates a process of using its RNA as a template for transcription INTO DNA (REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION) within the host cell. |
| How does a virus infect a host cell? | The virus INJECTS its nucleic acid into the host cell leaving the protein coat outside. |
| You need a(n) _____ microscope to see a VIRUS. | ELECTRON microscope |
| Viruses are OBLIGATORY INTRACELLULAR parasites which means ___. | Viruses need a host to multiply. |
| Rickettsia need a host to multiply like viruses but CAN/CANNOT survive by itself without multiplying like bacteria. | CAN |
| Bacteria are classified by: | 1.) The metabolic reactions they carry out.2.) Organic composition of the cell wall.3.) Cell Shape4.)Gram- staining characteristics (worst 1s are gram neg b/c they have a tougher cell wall.) |
| Bacteria are classified by a ____ naming system. | Genus-species (like riskettsioe are named...) |
| BACTERIA: 3 groups based on cell SHAPE are: | Coccus - RoundBacillus - Rod shapedSpirillum - Spiral shaped |
| A cellular organism(as a bacterium or a blue-green alga) that DOES NOT HAVE a distinct NUCLEUS. | Prokaryote |
| True/False Bacteria are prokaryotic single celled organisms like rickettsiae? | TRUE |
| The majority of bacteria are non-_____ but some ARE. | pathogenic |
| Those bacteria which are normally found in the mouth, nose, throat, colon, rectum, vagina, and urethra of healthy humans are called _________. | Normal Flora |
| Gram Staining is used to _____________. | Differentiate bacteria in a simple way by coloring them with dyes. |
| GRAM STAIN BLUE means: | The bacteria is gram POSITIVE! |
| GRAM STAIN RED-PINK means: | The bacteria is gram NEGATIVE (think "red light" negative) |
| Bacteria which disturb homeostasis are called ________. | Pathogenic |
| When bacteria merely grow and divide on a body surface without disturbing the host this is called ________. | Colonization |
| BACTERIA:Colonization results in an _________ carrier (someone who has the pathogen but shows no signs of disease). | Assymptomatic |
| BACTERIA: A carrier IS/IS NOT capable of transferring microbes to another individual? | IS! |
| Some bacteria can form "spores," which have a very THIN/THICK cell wall. | THICK |
| BACTERIA: __________have a very thick cell wall, which protects the dormant bacterium inside from drying and death when condittions are not conductive to growth and metabolism. | SPORES |
| Spore forms of bacteria are very resistant to ______. | Heat |
| Bacteria in colonies are IDENTICAL/UNIDENTICAL | Identical |
| Any organism having as its fundamental structural unit a cell type that contains 1.) specialized organelles in the cytoplasm 2.) membrane-bound nucleus enclosing genetic material organized into chromosomes 3.) An elaborate system of division by mitosis | Eukaryote |
| Protozoa are PROKARYOTIC/EUKARYOTIC microbes. They have a definite cell sstructure and nucleus. | Eukaryotic |
| FUNGI:Is yeast unicellular or multicellular? | Unicellular |
| FUNGI:Is mold unicellular or multicellular? | Multi-cellular |
| We can divide the Fungi into 2 broad subgroups which are: | The MOLDS and the YEASTS. |
| What is an Epidemic? | Cases of a certain communicable disease are occuring in a great number of individuals at a given time IN A CERTAIN GEOGRAPHIC REGION. |
| What is a Pandemic? | A certain disease is affecting a great number of the population over a VERY WIDE GEOGRAPHIC AREA - sometimes even the entire globe. |
| What does the term Endemic refer to? (Ex: Molaria) | Infectious diseases that naturally exist and occur WITHIN GIVEN populations or regions. |
| What does sporadic mean? | That the number of cases of a given infectious disease are occuring in a RANDOM fashion in respect to the size of the population and the conditions that exist. |
| An infectious disease that is EASILY SPREAD from one human to another is a _____ disease. | CONTAGIOUS |
| An infectious disease that is spreadable from one infected person or animal to another human BY DIRECT OR INDIRECT MEANS is a ___________ disease. | COMMUNICABLE |
| ANY disease caused by the actions of a microorganism is an ________ disease. | INFECTIOUS |
| Pathogenicity means? | The ABILITYto HARM the host |
| Virulency means? | The DEGREE to which a pathogen can cause harm. |
| As virulency increases, so does the likelihood of _________. | Morbidity! |
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