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EOC Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| DNA to RNA | transcription |
| RNA to protein | translation |
| DNA to DNA | replication |
| proposed answer based on prior knowledge | hypothesis |
| well tested explanation based on experimental evidence | theory |
| environmental factors choose who survives | natural selection |
| process that creates 2 genetically identical daughter cells | mitosis |
| process that creates 4 genetically different daughter cells | meiosis |
| cell organelle that makes proteins | ribosomes |
| cell organelle that maintains homeostasis by controlling what enters and leaves cell | cell membrane |
| solution that causes no change in cell size | isotonic solution |
| solution that causes water to rush in and increase cell size | hypotonic solution |
| solution that causes water to rush out and decrease cell size | hypertonic solution |
| movement of molecules from high concentration to low needing no energy | diffusion |
| movement of molecules from low concentration to high needing energy to happen | active transport |
| movement of water molecules from high concentration to low | osmosis |
| random change in DNA | mutation |
| limiting factors that depend on the size of population | density-dependent limiting factors |
| limiting factors that do NOT depend on the size of population | density-independent limiting factors |
| random change in the allele frequency of a population | genetic drift |
| structures with similar structures but different functions ; is evidence of common ancestor | homologous structures |
| structures that no longer have function in modern species ; is evidence of common ancestor | vestigial structures |
| structures with similar function in unrelated species | analogous structures |
| cells that DO NOT have a nucleus | prokaryotic cells |
| cells that DO have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles | eukaryotic cells |
| programmed cell death ; happens to damaged or worn out cell parts | apoptosis |
| maintaining stable internal conditions ex. sweating when hot | homeostasis |
| geographical, temporal, behavioral, ecological, mechanical (before zygote) | pre-zygotic isolation |
| hybrid dies or hybrid is sterile (after zygote) | post-zygotic isolation |
| both organisms benefit | mutualism |
| one organism benefits & the other is unaffected | commensalism |
| one organism benefits & the other is harmed | parasitism |
| one organism benefits & the other is hunted and killed | predation |
| what an organism does to survive in its environment | niche |
| where an organism lives in its habitat | habitat |
| non-living factors ex. weather, sun, water, rocks | abiotic factors |
| living factors ex. plants, animals, bacteria | biotic factors |
| cell organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for delivery | golgi |
| cell organelle that stores water, nutrients, waste | vacuole |
| adding phosphate group to store chemical energy | ADP --> ATP |
| removing last phosphate group to release chemical energy | ATP to ADP |
| building blocks are glycerol + 3 fatty acids; fats, oils, cholesterol ; has 9 calories per gram (used 2nd for energy) | lipids |
| building blocks are monosaccharides (sugars) ; has 4 calories per gram (used 1st for energy) | carbohydrates |
| building blocks are amino acids ; has 4 calories per gram | protein |
| process of a cell becoming more specialized [this happens to stem cells] | differentiation |
| cells that can differentiate into any cell in the body | stem cells |
| proteins that can speed up chemical reactions | enzyme |
| why replication is a "semi conservative" process | half old DNA strand + half new DNA strand |
| cycle that involves carbon dioxide, fossil fuels, combustion | carbon cycle |
| cycle that does NOT go through the atmosphere ; involves the weathering of rocks | phosphorus cycle |
| cycle that involves precipitation, condensation, evaporation, transpiration | water cycle |
| cycle that has gas that makes up 78% of Earth's atmosphere | nitrogen cycle |
| element that is found in all organic compounds | carbon |
| DNA --> RNA --> Protein | central dogma |
| transcription & translation | protein synthesis (2 steps) |
| process of converting atmospheric nitrogen into useable nitrogen by organisms in food chain (done by bacteria in the soil) | nitrogen fixing |
| building blocks are nucleotides; never broken down for energy | nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) |
| respiration that forms lactic acid or alcohol when oxygen is NOT present | fermentation |
| when crossing over occurs during meiosis | prophase I of meiosis |
| meiosis step, the chromosomes separate to opposite sides of the cell | anaphase I of meiosis |
| meiosis step, the chromatids separate to opposite sides of the cell | anaphase II of meiosis |
| cell division that creates 2 genetically identical diploid daughter cells | mitosis |
| cell division that creates 4 genetically different haploid daughter cells | meiosis |
| 3 nucleotide sequence of tRNA (compliments mRNA) | anticodon |
| 3 nucleotide sequence of mRNA (compliments DNA) | codon |
| gradual change to populations of organisms over time | evolution |
| cycle process that creates sugar during photosynthesis using ATP and NADPH | Calvin cycle |
| cycle process that creates ATP and NADH that flow into the electron transport chain (ETC) of cellular respiration | Krebs cycle |
| respiration that requires oxygen | aerobic cellular respiration |
| respiration that does NOT require oxygen | anaerobic respiration (fermentation) |
| the first species to arrive after a disturbance (lichensm , mosses) | pioneering species |
| the final stage of succession ; the populations in a community are stable | climax community |
| positive human impact on environment | reduce, re-use, recycle, re-forestation ; lowering carbon emission |
| negative human impart on environment | overhunting, overfishing, habitat fragmentation , increasing carbon emission |
| a cross of 2 traits at the same time (16 boxes) | dihybrid cross |
| a cross of 1 trait (4 boxes) | monohybrid cross |
| a cross to find genotype of parent when other parent is homozygous recessive | test cross |
| is the ratio of a dihybrid cross of 2 heterozygous parents for both traits | 9: 3 : 3 : 1 |
Created by:
cadetjt
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