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Zoology, lecture 11
Invertebrates: Annelida, cont'd
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Asexual reproduction in annelida | More common in the primitive polychaeta, almost non existent in the other classes. The individuals produced reproduce sexually. |
| Asexual reproduction in polychaeta | The last segment of the body shows development of little segments with eye spots and the segments break off through fragmentation into new individuals. |
| Regeneration capabilities in annelida | More developed in the primitive polychaeta, almost non-existent in the other classes. Intentional fragmentation is not a method of reproduction in oligochaeta and hirudinea. |
| Sexual reproduction in polychaeta | The primitive mechanism, most are diecious. Gonads are a simply mesodermal protrusions. Gametes are produced in each segment and stored in the coelom. Release through the body wall is synchronized and fertilization is external. |
| Why do the polychaeta not need to be hermaphroditic? | They can spill their gametes into the same area of water which can sustain them for a number of hours so there is no need for hermaphroditism. |
| Why do the polychaeta not need to be hermaphroditic? | They can spill their gametes into the same area of water which can sustain them for a number of hours so there is no need for hermaphroditism. |
| Gamete release from the coelom of polychaeta | Through body wall tears, through the nephridia or through some other hole in the body wall. |
| Function of the peritoneum in polychaeta reproduction | The peritonium (mesodermal lining of the coelomic cavity) act as gonads producing eggs in females and sperm in males which are then released into the water for external fertilization. |
| Eunice viridis ולולאפה | A species of sessile worm that produces an extended sexual body part called an epitoke that they release from their body. Each segment can contain millions of individual parts. |
| Polychaeta embryonic development | They have a life cycle where the blastula develops into a trochopore (larva with ciliated rings). They are schizocoelic. |
| Completion of the life cycle from the larval stage in polychaeta | The trochophora (larva with cilliated rings) continues to grow and adds on sequential segments producing the multisegmented adult. |
| Metamorphosis | לוגלג Developmental cycle of an organism that contains a larval stage. |
| Sexual reproduction in oligochaeta | "Protected external reproduction" The individuals are monoeicious/hermaphroditic. Fertilization is mutual. Gametes meet in a mucous mass secreted by the clitellum. Gonads are at the front. |
| Clitellum | "תורגבתה תרוגח" Mucous tube gametes are excreted into from the gonads at the front of the body (oligochaeta) |
| Oligochaeta reproductive system | The system is paired-2 pairs of testis, 3 pairs of seminal vesicles, a pair of seminal ducts, a pair of ovaries, a pair of egg sacs, a pair of oviducts and 2 pairs of seminal receptacles. |
| Vas deferens | Tunnel through which sperm cells travel to reach the partner's seminal receptacles. |
| Seminal receptacles | Sacs that take up the partner's sperm cells that have traveled through the vas deferens. |
| Earthworm reproduction | The clitellum secretes a mucous belt. The worm slides back releasing eggs into it. Sperm is released into it from the seminal vesicle for fertilization. Worm moves forward leaving a cocoon |
| Annelida general primitive traits | Metameric body, setae, diecocious, indirect development. Polychaeta are primitive and show parapodia. |
| Annelida advanced traits | Oligochaeta and Hirdinea have no parapodia, they are monooiceous (hermaphroditic). Oli's have clitellum and direct development. |
| Hirudinea evolutionary changes | They developed from the oligochaetes. They are hermaphroditic. They have internal fusion of body segments. They attach with suckers. |
| Arthropoda | Phylum with 3 main living subphyla (Crustacea, Chelicerata and Unirama) and one extinct (Trilobita) They make up 75 percent of all species we know today. |
| Crustacea | םינטרס subphylum of arthropoda with mostly marine representatives (crabs, lobsters, shrimp, etc) |
| Chelicerata | םיינשיבכע subphylum of arthropoda--all kinds of spiders |
| Unirama | םיפיעס-דח subphylum of arthropoda--all kinds of insect, millipedes, etc. |
| Trilobita | תותנוא-תלת subphylum of arthropoda with no more living representatives. Just fossilized but they all had three body segments. |
| What is so special about arthropoda? | They are the most successful of all the phyla making up 3/4 of all the known species today. |
| Why are arthropoda significant? | They are economically and agriculturally crucial--silk, pollenation, etc |
| Pollenation through arthropoda | There have been millions of years of coevolution between plants and insects to allow for optimal pollination |
| Arthropod damage | Some carry viruses like וחירי תנשוש and other pathogenic vectors. Spider bites, etc. |
| Leichmenensis | Rash caused by the virus leichmenia carried by flies and other arthropods. וחירי תנשוש |
| Signs of arthropoda success | Incredible species variety, representatives in every habitat, conquering land and sky, they are ancient (about 500 million years old) |
| What did arthropoda change (in relation to annelida)? | Light, strong exoskeleton, segmented appendages, heteromeria (fused body cavity segments) |
| Benefits of light exoskeleton | Allows for strong muscles=range of motion and flying, offers mechanical defense and defense against dehydration (crucial to conquering land) |
| Disadvantages of hard exoskeleton | It limits their growth--they fixed this through shedding of their skeleton allowing for growth and change in body form and regrowth-benefit cause life stages occupy different niches. |
| Benefit of fusing segments | Called heteromeria--it allowed for growth and specialization of body systems |
| Benefits of segmented appendages | Allowed for specialization in unlimited directions--appendages for walking, eating, sensing, reproduction, etc. |
| Protection against dehydration in arthropoda | In addition to their hard exoskeleton made of cuticle, they secrete a waxy cover that prevents water loss. |
| Cuticle protein cover in arthropoda | We first saw it in polychaeta jaws and as a layer secreted by oligochaeta hyperdermis. |
| Why exoskeleton not endoskeleton in arthropoda? | Exoskeleton can be thinner and lighter and offer the same protection with much more space for muscles on the inside than an endoskeleton. Also most of the pressure is on the outside of the body. |
| Basement membrane (arthropoda) | Bottom layer below the ectoderm. |
| Epicuticle | Top layer on top of the cuticle that often contains a waxy substance to prevent water loss. |
| Setae | Sensory hairs that stick out of the cuticle. |
| Procuticle | All the layers between the ectoderm and the epicuticle. Divided into other layers: endocuticle still hasn't hardened, exocuticle is the already hard part. |
| Chitin | A polysaccharide that is very strong and very flexible and its present in the cuticle of the arthropoda. |
| Exocuticle | Part of the procuticle--top hardened layer under the epicuticle. |
| Endocuticle | Part of the procuticle below the exocuticule, the not-yet-hardened layer below the exocuticle above the epidermis. |
| Dermal gland/tunnels | Allow for passage of substances from the epidermis to the outside of the body in arthropoda. Some are also responsible for secreting the waxy layer on the surface of the cuticle. |
| Physical color in arthropoda | It is given by the cuticle exoskeleton. It is not pigment or actual color. Instead its breaking of light rays showing particular colors in different lights. |
| Muscles on the arthropoda exoskeleton | The cuticle exoskeleton is a strong but light place for the muscles to hold on to. |
| Apodem | A thick sunken part of the cuticle that offers a good place for the muscles to hold on to. |
| Arthropoda musculature | Exoskeleton allows for development of segmented muscles that are much stronger than those of the annelida. They hold on to the skeleton from the inside. |
| What's the difference between the annelida skeleton and the arthropoda skeleton? | Annelida have a hydrostatic skeleton that depends on coelomic liquid, arthropoda have a true hard exoskeleton. |
| Direct flight muscles in arthropoda | They are connected to the wings themselves and they result in both raising and lowering of the wings and a figure 8 motion (dragonflies and locusts) allowing them to even fly in place |
| Indirect flight muscles in arthropoda | Muscles are attached to the body wall, not to the wings. They pull down and push up resulting in flight. |
| Tergite | Cuticle plate on the dorsal side. |
| Sternite | Cuticle plate on the ventral side. |
| Pleurites | Side cuticle plates |
| Cuticle plates in arthropoda | Give a more flexible structure--they are connected with more flexible thin cuticle joints. In some groups of arthropods there is fusion between certain plates. |
| Example of cuticle plates in land crabs | Pill bugs |
| Hard external skeleton made of cuticle found in certain groups of arthropoda | Many grabs secrete calcium carbonate into their cuticle skeleton making it even harder. |
Created by:
YaelNoa
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