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Bio Ch 29 and 31

Body Systems, Skin, and Muscles

TermDefinition
Cells work together to form... Tissues
4 types of tissues in the human body (CMEN) Connective, Muscle, Epithelial, Nervous
Connective Tissue Joins together body structures, providing structure and support. It can also store or transport materials. It can be hard, soft, or even liquid.
Muscle Tissue Made of cells that contract in response to signals from the spinal cord and brain. All body movements are controlled by muscle tissue, even ones you cannot control like your heart beat.
Epithelial Tissue Covers the body and its organs. The skin is the organ that contains epithelial tissue. Inside the body, it covers organs and blood vessels. Some types of epithelial tissue form glands that release chemicals. Ex: sweat glands.
Nervous Tissue Carries information throughout the body
Connective Tissue found in... Fat and other soft padding tissue Bone Tendon
Muscle Tissue is found in... Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle Skeletal muscle
Epithelial Tissue is found in... Lining of GI tract organs and other hollow organs Skin surface (epidermis)
Nervous Tissue is found in... Brain Spinal cord Nerves
All 4 types of tissues will work together to form... Organs
Organs Perform special functions for the body
What is the stomach is made of? All 4 types of tissue
Multiple organs will work together to form... An organ system to perform specific functions
The stomach, liver, and intestines are part of what system? The digestive system
What does the digestive system do? Functions to process all food in the body
What are the human body's 12 organ systems? Circulatory, Respiratory, Excretory, Integumentary, Skeletal, Nervous, Digestive, Immune, Lymphatic, Muscular, Endocrine, Reproductive
Where do all the organs and organ systems fit? In your internal organs located inside body cavities
What are the names of the 2 main cavity areas? Dorsal Cavities and Ventral Cavities
Dorsal Cavities All of the organs are located on the posterior side of the body
Ventral Cavities All other internal organs are located on the anterior side of the body
The Skeleton A framework for the body. Like steel beams for a tall building, the skeleton determines an organism’s overall shape
How many bones does the human skeleton have 206 individual bones. Each bone has a size and shape that suits its particular function.
We divide the skeleton into 2 main parts: Axial Skeleton and Appendicular Skeleton
Axial Skeleton The skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. The bones in the axial skeleton protect vital organs, hold the body upright, and allow it to bend and twist.
Appendicular skeleton Upper- Clavicle, Humerus, Ulna, Radius, Carpels, Metacarpals, Lower- Illium, Femur, Patella, Fibula, Tibia, Tarsals, Metatarsals
Bone is made of what? Living connective tissue. The inside of bones are filled with blood vessels that carry nutrients through the bone. Throughout the bone there are cells called osteoblasts.
Osteoblasts Make the new bone cells needed for growth and repair.
Marrow Another tissue found in bone. Red bone marrow is a material that produces blood cells
Bone is continuously replaced throughout life. Baby skeletons are mostly made of what? Cartilage. It will quickly and then slowly develop from cartilage to bone until a person is about 25.Cartilage will remain in joints to allow for movements without bones rubbing each other
Ligaments Connective tissue that join one bone to another
There are 3 different types of muscle in the human body...(SSC) Skeletal Muscle, Smooth Muscle, Cardiac Muscle
Skeletal muscle Enables you to move your arms, legs, and other parts of your body These are sometimes called voluntary muscles because they are under your conscious control
How many skeletal muscles are there in the human brain? Over 600
Name some of the major skeletal muscles in the human brain Trapezius, Deltoid, Pectoral Major, Bicep, Tricep, Latissimus Dorsi, Abdominals, Gluteus Maximus, Quadricep, Hamstring, Gastrocnemius
Smooth muscle Many of your internal organs contain smooth muscle Sometimes called involuntary muscles because they aren’t under your conscious control
Cardiac muscle Found only in the heart and nowhere else in the body This muscle contracts and relaxes continuously throughout life The heart can continue beating for a few minutes if taken out of the body, but cardiac muscle is mostly controlled by the nervous system
Movement of muscles Skeletal muscles can only move a bone 1 way, cuz muscles contract by shortening, they then relax and the muscle and bone go to their original shape
2 ways of muscle movement To provide movement in 2 different ways: Skeletal muscles work in pairs- in a joint like the elbow, The 2 muscles take turns contracting and relaxing
Smooth muscles are controlled by what? Your nervous system and hormones They can regulate the width of blood vessels, control the digestive system, dilate your pupils, etc.
The entire body is covered in a waterproof wrapper called... Skin
What does skin do for the body? It protects and insulates the body
The Integumentary System It covers the body and consists of skin and it’s glands, hair, and nails
2 layers of the skin Epidermis and Dermis
Epidermis The outermost layer of the skin is about the same thickness as a piece of paper The cells of the epidermis are constantly dying and falling off All of the cells of the epidermis are replaced about once a month
Dermis The thicker sub-layer of skin produces many proteins and chemicals for the skin, and it contains nerve endings, blood vessels, and hair follicles One chemical the dermis produces is a pigment called melanin
Melanin A pigment that the dermis produces to protect your skin from ultraviolet light from the sun, and more exposure to the sun will increase the amount of melanin produced and darkens the skin, making it ‘tanned’
How do humans inhale and exhale? We have lungs to achieve this using a process called respiration
Respiration The process by which lungs bring in oxygen-rich air and take it to the blood, which travels throughout the body, depositing oxygen for fuel production, and the waste product carbon dioxide is taken out of the body
3 levels of respiration Cellular Respiration, Internal Respiration, External Respiration
Cellular respiration The process by which cells get energy from the oxidation of glucose
Internal respiration The exchange of O2 and CO2 between the blood in your capillaries and your body cells- this is done through the circulatory system
External respiration The exchanges O2 and CO2 between the blood in the capillaries and the air This is done through the respiratory system- the lungs
What happens to air as it enters your body? It is filtered, cleaned, warmed, and moistened- without these processes, the air could damage or carry disease to lung tissue
How can air enter the body? Through either the oral or nasal cavity
The Circulatory System It transports oxygen, nutrients, and other essential compounds to all cells; while at the same time, it will transport carbon dioxide and other waste away from cells for elimination
The circulatory system has 3 main parts: The heart- the main pump Blood- the liquid tissue containing blood cells Blood vessels- the tubes through which blood flows
In the human body, blood travels on 2 paths: The pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit
The pulmonary circuit A short loop that carries blood between your heart and your lungs
The systemic circuit Carries oxygenated blood to all other body cells
The heart A very muscular organ that forces blood through the body
The heart is essentially 2 parts... One for the pulmonary circuit and one for the systemic circuit
The heart is divided into 2 parts that are separated by a thick wall of muscle called The septum
The heart has how many chambers? 4 chambers, 2 on each side
The upper chambers are called... Atria, which receive blood coming into the heart from the lungs or from the body
The right atrium receives blood from... The body
The left atrium receives blood from... The lungs
The atria pumps the blood into larger chambers called... Ventricles
Ventricles Pump blood out of the heart to the lungs or body
The right ventricle pumps blood to... The lungs
The left ventricle pumps blood to The body
The heart's main blood vessels to send and receive this blood: Arteries and Veins
2 Arteries The Pulmonary Artery and the Aorta
The Pulmonary Artery It sends blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
The Aorta It sends blood to the body
2 types of Veins Pulmonary Veins and the Superior/Inferior Vena Cava
Pulmonary Veins Receives blood from the lungs
The Superior/Inferior Vena Cava Receives blood from the upper and lower body
The Apex The bottom point of the heart is `called the apex, and is full of nerves that help stimulate the heart and keep it beating It is called the ‘apex’ even though it is on the bottom because the heart flips over while the fetus develops in the womb
Why does the heart has valves that open and close? To make sure blood only flows in one direction This is where the ‘lub-dub’ sound comes from when you hear a heartbeat Many heart conditions come from genetic defects in the heart valves which lead to irregular heartbeats`
How much blood does your body contain? About 5 liters of blood
Blood Blood is a connective tissue where specialized cells are suspended in a liquid
What is the liquid in blood called? Plasma, which is 90% water.
Half of blood is blood cells,What are the 3 main types of cell in blood? Red blood cells, White blood cells, and Platelets
Red blood cells They are the most numerous cells in your body. Red blood cells carry oxygen to all the cells of the body.
Red blood cells contain a protein called... Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin A protiein found in red blood cells. This protein helps oxygen attach to the red blood cells. One component in hemoglobin is heme which binds to iron.
Iron Helps bind oxygen and also gives blood its red color
White blood cells They help the body fight disease
Unlike red blood cells, white blood cells can... Leave blood vessels to go to damaged tissues.
One way that white blood cells can fight diseases Is they will engulf the harmful cells like bacteria in a process called phagocytosis.
Platelets help with what? Blood clots
How do platelets help you when you get cut or injured? Theyrush 2the siteofthedamage andformbloodclots. Thisis2ensure thatexcessive amountsofblood don'tleavethebody. Once sealed, a scabwill form of redbloodcells,platelets,and a proteincalledfibrin. This seal will protect the wound while it takes time to heal
Created by: Brooklynite
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