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PSY-108 Sec. 1 Ch. 8
Intro to Psychology Test Section 1 Chapter 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Memory | the capacity to encode, retain, store and retrieve information |
| Flashbulb Memory | memory related to an emotionally arousing event |
| Encoding | changing sensory input into a mental representation in the memory system |
| Explicit Memory | requires a conscious attempt to recall memory |
| Storage | the retention of encoded information in memory over time |
| Sensory Memory | a modality-specific form of memory, involved in temporary preservation of sensory stimuli, serving as a buffer between the senses and short-term memory |
| Short-term Memory | memory process which preserves recent information over relatively brief intervals, of limited capacity and information is stored for only a short length of time without rehearsal |
| Spacing Effect | phenomenon in which we learn better when our rehearsal is distributed over time |
| Serial Position Effect | states you are moke likely to remember the beginning and end information more than the middle |
| Semantic Encoding | general memories that involve general knowledge of the world, including facts. processing of meaning, particularly the meaning of words |
| Retrieval | the process and recovery of a stored item from memory |
| Rehearsal | refers to the cognitive process involving the repetition of an item in order to maintain it in short-term memory |
| Recall | in memory, the active retrieval of information |
| Recognition | in memory, the process of identifying presented information as familiar and having been experienced before |
| Relearning | Another means of remembering is through relearning. Relearned information may return quickly, even if it hasn't been used for many years. For example:Relearning a language not spoken since schooldays. Riding a bike after not using one since childhood |
| Retroactive Interference | occurs when information works backwards to interfere with earlier information - just as a retroactive pay raise given in July might work backwards to influence pay days from January to June. |
| Proactive Interference | occurs when current information is lost because it is mixed up with previously learned, similar information |
| Long-term memory | enduring memories that retain and preserve information for later retrieval over long periods. |
| Working Memory | a flexible memory system used for reasoning and language comprehension, that is comprised of the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad and central executive |
| Automatic Processing | : what psychologists call processing of information that guides behaviour, but without conscious awareness, and without interfering with other conscious activity that may be going on at the same time |
| Effortfull Processing | individuals use effort and attention as they encode information. This is generally done through strategy use |
| Visual Encoding | processing of images |
| Acoustic Encoding | processing of sounds |
| Mnemonics | techniques that improve memory, often through using existing familiar information (e.g. imagery) during the encoding of new information to aid later retrieval and access. See method of loci |
| Chunking | combining individual letters or numbers into larger meaningful units |
| Iconic Memory | a fleeting photographic memory, we can register an exact representation of a scene and we can recall any part of it in amazing detail; only fo a very short time |
| Echoic Memory | a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attenetion is elsewhere, sounds or words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds |
| Amnesia | a significant loss of memory as a result of brain damage or psychological trauma |
| Implicit Memory | retention independent of conscious recollection |
| Explicit Memory | memory of the facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" |
| Priming | a phenomenon whereby previous exposure to a word or situation, improves implicit memory and increases the activation of associated thoughts or memories |
| Mood Congruent Memory | the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent to one's current good or bad mood |
| Misinformation Effect | incorporating misleading information into ones memory of an event |
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mmb191
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