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PSY-108 Sec. 1 Ch. 7
Intro to Psychology Test Section 1 Chapter 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Classical Conditioning | a basic form of learning, neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus that naturally produces an unconditioned response. After several trials, the neutral stimulus is now a conditioned stimulus and thus produces a conditioned response |
| Unconditioned Stimulus | in classical conditioning, a stimulus which elicits a reflexive (unconditioned) response. |
| Unconditioned Response | in classical conditioning, a reflexive response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus, such as pupil contraction to bright light, without prior learning |
| Conditioned Stimulus | a stimulus which by repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response |
| Conditioned Response | :in classical conditioning, a response to a previously neutral stimulus which has become a conditioned stimulus by repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus |
| Neutral Stimulus | in classical conditioning, a stimulus which initially fails to elicit a response, but as conditioning continues, becomes a conditioned stimulus |
| Acquisition | the first stages of learning when a response is established. In classical conditioning, acquisition refers to the period of time when the stimulus comes to evoke the conditioned response |
| Extinction | when the occurrences of a conditioned response decrease or disappear. In classical conditioning, this happens when a conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with an unconditioned stimulus |
| Spontaneous Recovery | the reappearance of the conditioned response after a rest period or period of lessened response. If the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are no longer associated, extinction will occur very rapidly after a spontaneous recovery |
| Generalization | tendency for stimuli similiar to the conditioned stimulus to ellicit a similiar response |
| Discrimination | ability to distinguish between conditioned stimuli and other stimuli |
| Pavlov's Experiment | Pavlov's dogs; discovered classical conditioning |
| Operant Conditioning | a form of learning that is determined by consequences that either reinforce or punish particular behaviours, that can increase or decrease the probability of the behaviour |
| Shaping | in operant conditioning, reinforcing successive approximations to the desired response |
| Reinforcer | in conditioning, any stimulus, that after following a response, increases the probability of that response occurring |
| Primary Reinforcer | reinforcers based on innate biological significance, such as food or water |
| Positive Reinforcement | in operant conditioning, a process of increasing the likelihood of a response by immediately following the response with a desirable stimulus (a positive reinforcer). |
| Positive Punishment | decreases behavior by adding negative stimuli |
| Negative Reinforcement | in operant conditioning, a method to increase the probability and strength of a response by removing or withholding an aversive stimuli (negative reinforcer) |
| Negative Punishment | debreases behavior by removing postive stimuli |
| Continous Reinforcement | continuing to reinforce desired response when it occurs |
| Skinner's Studies | influential behaviourist, who pioneered the principle of operant conditioning, including schedules of reinforcement, shaping and subsequent behavior modification (rats and birds) |
| Fixed Ratio Schedule | a reinforcement applied according to a number of predetermined responses, for instance one reinforcement for every three responses |
| Fixed Interval Schedule | a reinforcement applied on a systematic time basis, for instance, every four minutes. |
| Variable Ratio Schedule | in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement determined by the average number of responses required to receive a reinforcer |
| Variable Interval Schedule | in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement determined by the average time interval which must elapse since the last reinforcer before a response will be reinforced |
| Observational Learning | a process of socialisation that takes place as a result of an individual observing and imitating the behaviour of another person who serves as a model, as opposed to through direct experience |
| Modeling | the term used by Bandura to describe the process of learning and socialisation, through observing and imitating others |
| Bobo Doll Study | an inflatable toy used in Albert Bandura's studies of aggression imitation |
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mmb191
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